Merchant Of Venice :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

The Storytellers in The merchandiser of Venice     In this play two characters have a bigger role than one might imagine. Salerio and Solanio are the storytellers in The Merchant of Venice. They fill in important entropy that the audience needs to full understand the play.      First, the two names differ by only a hardly a(prenominal) letters, they are so close that one might confuse the two and think that they are the resembling person. I feel that this is Shakespeares intention in this play. He makes the two similar so that they are non very important to the plot of the play. At the same time they are two different people, not just a narrator. I feel that Shakespeare does this so that he can have the two characters speaking to each other. It is through their, Salerio and Solanio, interactions that the audience learns important information to the plot of the play.     At the opening of the play three characters are on stage, Antonio, Salerio, and Solanio. Through the dialogue, Salerio informs the audience of Antonios ships "Your mind is tossing on the ocean/There where your argosies i.e., great merchandiser ships with portly i.e., stately sail (I.i. 8-9). While in the same position Solanio helps the audience establish that Antonio has no major love interest "Why then you are in love," to which Antonio replies, "Fie, fie" (I.i. 46-47). Through their conversations, the two have given the audience a basis for the play that Antonio is a merchant and that he is not concerned approximately being in love.      An entire scene (viii) in Act II is given completely to a conversation between Solanio and Salerio. Here they tell of many an(prenominal) events that have happened Bassanios ship setting off and Gratiano going with him Shylocks reaction to Jessica and his ducats being gone a Venetian ship that is wrecked in the English blood and also the parting bet ween Antonio and Bassanio. Here, through the conversation of Solanio and Salerio the audience is told what has happened. Thus they have only one way to obtain the information. They all have the same thoughts about what has happened since they did not see the scenes and were only told about them.      Solanio and Salerio are the storytellers in the play but they are only used for about two thirds of the play. The scene that either one of them is in is scene ii of Act III.

Heathcliff: Made A Villain By Love Essay -- essays research papers

Love is a two way street. In order for love to work it must be given and returned. If love is left unfulfilled it can lead a person to be spiteful, vengeful, and at the extreme villainous. In Emily Brontes novel, Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is the villain because he is forestall almost his unrequited love for Cathy. Heathcliffs villainy is unmingled in how he treats the Earnshaws, degrading Hindley and Hareton just as Hindley did him. This is also shown in his actions against the Lintons. Heathcliff hates the Lintons because Cathy unify Edgar. Heathcliff uses his treachery to take away away the Linton fortune and to degrade their offspring. Heathcliffs villainy is finally shown in how he treats Cathy herself. He loves her so much he hates her. He feels that Cathy betrayed her heart and married Edgar. Heathcliff as the villain is first shown in his actions against the Earnshaws.     When Heathcliff returns to Wuthering Heights after several years, his frust ration leads him to exact revenge on Hindley Earnshaw. Heathcliff blames Hindley for Cathy not returning his love and becoming married to Edgar. Hindley reduced Heathcliff to such a status that it would ruin Cathy to marry him. Heathcliffs villainy is shown when he returns the favour to Hindley, reducing him and his son Hareton to servant class. This is apparent when Heathcliff is talking to Nellie about his joy in degrading Hareton, he says,      Ive pleasure in him...He has satisfied my expectations - if he were born a fool      I should not enjoy it fractional so much - But hes no fool and I can sympathise with      all his feelings, having felt them myself - I know what he suffers now, for instance on the dot - it is merely a beginning of what he shall suffer though. And hell never      be able to emerge from his bathos of coarseness, and ignorance. Ive got him      faster than his scoundral of a father secured me, and lower for he takes a pride      in his brutishness. (252-253)This is also shown when Heathcliff accidentally saves Hareton from certain death. This is apparent when Nellie says, "A miser who has parted with a lucky lottery ticket for five shillings, and finds close day he has lost in the bargain five t... ...thout her. His villainy is also shown when he talks to Cathy when she is sick. He condemns her for breaking both his heart and hers. This is apparent when Heathcliff says, "Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one word of comfort - you deserve this. You have killed yourself...Theyll blight you - theyll damn you. You loved me - indeed what right did you to leave me?...I have not broken your heart - you have broken it - and in breaking it, you have broken mine." (197) This quote shows Heathcliffs anger, and his blaming of Cathy for his becoming a villain. Heathcliff as the villain is shown through his actions towards mass.     In the novel, Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is a villain. He is a villain because of his unrequited love for Cathy. His villainy is shown though his actions towards the Earnshaws, a famliy that degraded him, the Lintons, the people he believes stole Cathy away from him, and Cathy herself, the woman he feels betrayed her heart and his love. Heathcliff felt that he did not have Cathys love, when all the time he truly have her heart. Without love being returned jealousy and anger could make villains of all.

Shit I Do For Fun Essay -- essays research papers

To look into the mind of a television addict, we must look at the big picture First we recognize the voluntary bondage that makes up the majority of modern life. A I see it, people get up early, put on work clothes, and work like machines for the stand-in of the day getting no satisfaction from their repetitive day-jobs. Then come home around s redden oclock to their families who have already had dinner, and the kids already getting in bed. By that time there is almost no room left for quality family time or anything else to pursue thats worthwhile. thus the person turns to the television for that instant dose of friendship and gratification that could not be found anywhere else during his or her day. Once the person gets comfy on the lazy-boy, he becomes quickly stimulated and amazed by the intense sound and picture of thirty frames per second, and suddenly forgets thinking about the real world. Notice how well-nigh people become extremely annoyed when you talk to them or abs tract them when they are watching a program, or even a commercial. And might even yell at you for walking in front of the TV. As the hours of straight zombie-like watching go by, the person slips further into the fantasy world of television, and with you breaking that data link between them and the tube comes as a shock to them. Some hotshot can be so engulfed that it becomes a regular part of his/her daily routine. As a result of a lot of watching TV, studies have shown that the heart rate, and blink rate have slowed fell dramatically and muscular function decreased down to the snap of a finger on the remote or the lift of a drink. The stimulation of the picture and sound shift so rapidly that they must become completely relaxed to soak it all up. Television is like an addiction, and like any addictive substance a moral message lies behind it The advertize and the programs are only theyre to keep the viewer coming back for more. But there are even deeper morals to the story. The televisions main purpose is to distract from what you really want to be doing. Than around the second line of commercials you crystallize that you could be doing far better things than this, but before that thought gets to you, another chinchy commercial pops up that literally says damnit stay in your seat, weve got more products to sell you. And giving the viewer the sense that he/she cannot live without it. And this is... ...half its inorganic wastes. Television is where one must look to blame for this chaos. As it is the obvious driving force. With that in mind, how can it be possible for people to see past these views long plenty before they realize what impact the media has on them, if they ever do, let them decide for themselves. In other words, how much TV must we watch before we realize what it is doing to us as people, and as a society. As you think about this, and wonder how we can change it all, obviously it is going to have to be a grass-roots effort. And since the message wont come to you through the TV or the government (since they fund some of it), it will only come from friends, and from other people present the Tv-aholik that there is another way to live. Something like hey come with me, I can be a real friend to you, make you laugh, and share the world together. The firing bulb of the soul switches off as we switch on the TV. And I believe that the bulb can only flicker again from the wisdom of soul else that shares the same thoughts about the media. But ultimately, in the end people are searching for meaning, and that meaning can only come from within, and for each of us to find.

The Rastafarian Religion :: essays research papers

While some will call Rastafarianism a religion, others will say that Rastafarianism is a kind of unearthly consciousness because the Rastas lack a gr eat up deal of what is central for other religions while still retaining a belief in a God. There arent in like manner many organised Rasta churches, and the closest thing you would come to a church will probably be Rasta organisations like The Twelve Tribes of Israel, the Nyabinghi Order and especially the Bobo Dreads. Rastafarianism also lacks a confession of fate, which most other religious systems will lease. So the question will remain open if this is a religion or a uncanny consciousness where e actuallyone calling him/herself a Rasta will be more or less free to conceive in what they like.As already mentioned, Rastafarianism is not bonny a religion or spiritual consciousness, nevertheless also a way of life. This encompasses among other things food, called Ital food. Rastas are supposed to be vegetarians, while some eat fi sh, the Ital food consists only of vegetables and spices, not including salt, which for health reasons are not used in cooking. The food is very healthy, as health is also generally very important to Rastas. You will seldom see an unhealthy Rasta. Rastas also consume ganja, or marijuana as its more commonly known, but this is not something you have to do. The smoking of ganja is founded on Bible passages describing how ganja was used in ancient times by people like King Solomon, and the Rastas see it as a way to ease the way to commune with Jah. But there are even a small number of Rastas who do not smoke it on the grounds that easy ways out to reach a communion with Jah should not be sought. The Rasta way of life also encompasses a social side, where the lives and rights of everyone, but especially of the poor, are taken into account. They believe that everyone deserves and has the right to freedom, and more than anything else a belief in equal rights for everyone. The question of dreadlocks or no dreadlocks is not so important, even if most Rastas will have them. Even one of todays reggae groups sing a song thats called, You dont haffi (have to have) dread to be Rasta (Morgan Heritage). Its more to do with how you behave, act and what you believe in, than how you look. Even the language of the Rastas has changed the Jamaican Patois language, where many of the expressions unique to Jamaica originated in Rastafarianism, like I and I, meaning we.

Role of Women in Hemmingways Hills like White Elephants, Lawrences Th

Role of Women in Hemmingways Hills like White Elephants, Lawrences The gymnastic horse Dealers little girl and Faulkners A Rose for Emily The role of women in society is constantly questioned and for centuries women have struggled to find their place in a world that is predominantly male oriented. writings provides a window into the lives, thoughts and actions of women during certain periods of time in a fictitious form, yet practically truthful in many ways. Ernest Hemmingways Hills like White Elephants, D.H. Lawrences The Horse Dealers Daughter and William Faulkners A Rose for Emily each paint a picture of a woman who has failed to break away from her male companion, all describing a stereotypically dominate woman. Through submissive natures, compliant attitudes, and shattered egos the three women each struggle to live their lives in accordance to men, using only silent means of escape. In Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants we are introduced to Jig. Jig is a woman who lacks the major power to make decisions without constant approval and recognition from a man who has impregnated her but who would rather she aborts the baby. Jig, unfortunately, cannot make decisions on her own, which is exemplified throughout the story, depicting her weak and dependent personality. What should we drink? From the opening line of the story we are introduced to a character that questions rather than acts. somebody who is unsure of not only herself but the relationship she is involved in. Though a simple question about what beverage to order can often appear courteous, this is only the first of many examples pertaining to Jigs inability to live her life as an individual. Later she questions her purpose in life, Thats all we do isnt it-look... ... Emilys lack of ability to let any male dominant leave her life. She murdered this man so that she could have him with her at all times until she too could die. Emily never left hand her house, hiding from the world. Only in the company of a man would she venture out into the streets. Emily suffered from a lack of ability to let go and an uncontrollable zest to hold on to those men who would control her life. In all three stories women are represented in a tragic, pitiful light. In a society, those instantly supports womens abilities to be independent and live their lives as they chose once lived subordinate, dependent women. Stories such as these have helped to shape the present days understanding of womens place in society. plant life Cited Geddes, Gary, ed. The Art of Short Fiction. (pp.399-409) and (pp. 322-325) Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily

Role of Women in Hemmingways Hills like White Elephants, Lawrences Th

Role of Women in Hemmingways Hills like White Elephants, Lawrences The Horse Dealers Daughter and Faulkners A Rose for Emily The role of women in clubhouse is constantly questioned and for centuries women have struggled to find their place in a world that is predominantly male oriented. Literature provides a window into the lives, thoughts and actions of women during certain periods of time in a fictitious form, yet often truthful in many ways. Ernest Hemmingways Hills like White Elephants, D.H. Lawrences The Horse Dealers Daughter and William Faulkners A Rose for Emily each tonality a picture of a woman who has failed to break away from her male companion, all describing a stereotypically dominated woman. Through submissive natures, compliant attitudes, and shattered egos the trinity women each struggle to live their lives in accordance to men, using only silent means of escape. In Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants we are introduced to Jig. Jig is a woman who lacks the abilit y to make decisions without constant approval and recognition from a man who has impregnated her but who would rather she aborts the baby. Jig, unfortunately, cannot make decisions on her own, which is exemplified throughout the story, depicting her fallible and dependent personality. What should we drink? From the opening line of the story we are introduced to a character that questions rather than acts. Someone who is unsure of not only herself but the kind she is involved in. Though a simple question about what beverage to order can often appear courteous, this is only the first of many examples pertaining to Jigs inability to live her life as an individual. Later she questions her purpose in life, Thats all we do isnt it-look... ... Emilys lack of ability to let any male dominant go on her life. She murdered this man so that she could have him with her at all times until she too could die. Emily never left her house, hiding from the world. Only in the company of a man would she venture out into the streets. Emily suffered from a lack of ability to let go and an uncontrollable desire to hold on to those men who would control her life. In all three stories women are represented in a tragic, pitiful light. In a society, those today supports womens abilities to be independent and live their lives as they chose at once lived subordinate, dependent women. Stories such as these have helped to shape the present days understanding of womens place in society. Works Cited Geddes, Gary, ed. The Art of Short Fiction. (pp.399-409) and (pp. 322-325) Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily

HR Trends and Challenges Essay

Every theorize, arranging and industry is going to have cut transfers. These trends dictate the direction that the job, governing or industry is heading whether it is technology driven, psychologically driven, or financially driven. The variables that impact these trends hindquarters change very quickly, and atomic number 18 results of demand that atomic number 18 fulfilled by the trends. Some examples be personal computers, cell phones and some other technologies that allow presidencys to conduct business faster and easier.Many times a at that place are multiple trends that are on opposite sides of an idea, and an organization moldiness go under which trend or trends are the correct trends for future success. When organizations face challenges of this nature at the speeds the current business environment changes, forces them to produce well-read of theindustry trends very quickly. The organizations must then use this k promptlyledge to make quick decisions on their future direction. The following is an exploration and analysis of the trends that human being option departments and have sexrs are facing in todays businesses, and why they are weighty for organizational success today and in the future. cognitive operation Management and Performance AppraisalsGood concern is always analyzing the accomplishment of the organization and its employees. There are several ways to do this, and depending on the organization and its accusives some methods are more than effective than others. A masterful process management brass is diametrical from an annual consummation appraisal system in several ways. In most cases a complete performance appraisal system is an ongoing evaluation. It uses several factors to determine the productivity of the employees of the organization. Management has to decide what the primitive objectives of the organization are. Once this is obstinate they need to depend out how each department is contri notwithstandin ging to the main objectives of the origination. These become sub-goals for the entire company and each department can concentrate on each goal. From here, each employee in that department can be responsible for a goal.The managers in that department can divide the tasks to somebody employees. Good performance management systems allow allow the managers in each department to evaluate the performance of employee and to see the effectiveness of that employee to complete the essential tasks and objectives. Managers then need to figure out a performance reward system which can award the employees for completing their primary objectives. Managers can choose to reward employees on several factors.Competition, lumber and content are some of the factors which rewards can be based on. The most of import factor is to make sure that rewards are given when the primary objective is met. For example, it would not make since to reward employees on completion, when quality of the product is more fundamental. A good performance management system is a dynamic system which is always changing and adapting to the current needs of the organization. An effective system can motivate employees and allow them to improve the quality of the work the put out.Annual performance rewards concentrate more on the output of the organization as a whole. These rewards are geared more towards the profits and the output of the organizations. Annual performance rewards are important in an organization because they set goals and standards for the organization to achieve in the course of one year. In order to set effective annual performance rewards, management needs to consider its goals for the year. Effective performance rewards can break the year down into three quarts. Doing this makes it more tangible to achieve goals because they the time human body is reduced. Management can look at historical performance of the organization. For example, they can look at the amount of sale of the previou s year to set goals for the upcoming year.They can also look at the trends in the industry and project goals for the upcoming year. For example, if trends in a certain quarter are showing change sales, management can set a higher goal to try and improve sales for the upcoming year or quarter. It is also very important not to set these goals too high as to not discourage the employees. Once these goals are set, performance rewards need to be determined. Management needs to decide what type of rewards can be given out. Monetary rewards, days off and stock options are some examples of rewards. In order to determine the best rewards, management needs to detriment the needs of the employees and find out what would be most beneficial to them. They also need to make sure that the rewards wont be too expensive to the organization.Once the type of reward is determined, the payouts also need to be analyzed. Management can choose to pay out employees based on the amount of profits made with in a certain quarter, or on the amount of sales. An effective payout method is one which again concentrates on the primary objective. For example if revenue is more important to an organization, then they whitethorn choose to reward employees based on total profits of the organization. Management also needs to decide how they are going to divide the profits. Profits can be divided evenly or based on employee position, or longevity in the organization. An effective annual performance rewards system is similar to a complete performance reward system because it allow for also reward employee for reaching pre-determined objectives, and it impart also motivate individuals within the organization to improve the quality of work. It is important to honor in mind that just likea good complete performance management system, an effective annual performance appraisal systems is dynamic an is always changing and adapting to the needs of the organizations and its employees.Managing TurnoverMan aging disturbance is one of the most new-made human resources trends in todays business environment and many organizations have found that managing their turnover effectively has helped with the organizations bottom line, which has resulted in many different success stories. Human resource departments in all organizations would consider managing turnover a very important aspect or the departments overall goals for the organizations they work for, plainly what does managing turnover really mean? Turnover in any organization is inevitable and the term managing turnover in its simplest form is to deal with the loss of the organizations human capital and in most cases let ins minimizing unwanted turnover in the organization.All organizations will deal with turnover and some of this turnover will be the result of decisions by the organization to part ways with an employee. In this instance the situation of the human resource department is to manage the dismissal of these employees an d to do so while limiting liabilities. This is an important aspect of the human resources departments role in managing turnover, but this is something that has happened in organizations for a long time and is a role that has not and will not change prodigiously. The major trend in managing turnover falls in the arena of preventing unwanted turnover for an organization.When an organization loses an employee that decides on his or her own accord to leave will result in the loss of many of the costs they incurred in hiring, training and employing the individual. In todays incredibly competitive business environment organizations cannot afford to lose quality human capital or the resources spent on the employee they are losing. To make matters worsened these costs must then be added to the cost of the resources required to hire and train a new employee and all these costs added together becomes very costly for organizations that do not manage turnover effectively.When an organization l oses an employee to unwanted turnover the losses that are incurred are a result of many different aspects of the turnover. runner and foremost will be the loss of the individual that has decided to leave the organization. This individual mystifys in some way or form for the organization and when he or she is gone everything that the individual helps to produce will be lost, along with the expertise he or she has gained in his or her current position. The expertise that the individual has can also be part of a team expertise, and the loss of one part of the team can also slow down or hold production of the whole team as well, depending on the ability for others to step in and takeover for the individual leaving. As soon as the turnover is recognized the human resource department will hopefully begin the process of hiring a new employee to step in for the loss, but these processes are sometimes difficult and time consuming because it is important to find a quality candidate.Hiring the wrong candidate could shape future problems in managing turnover, which is why the hiring process is an important component in the overall picture of managing turnover, and conclusion the right person for the job the first time will hopefully result in fewer turnovers. Unfortunately, the losses do no end there because the organization must now train this newly hired employee to do what the employee that left was doing. The lack of expertise in the position, the organization, and the specific team usually means that production will suffer until the new employee gains the expertise and experience that is necessary to complete his or her job efficiently and effectively. This is a threat that all organizations must deal with, and the organizations that manage turnover effectively will be able to take these set backs in stride, while those that do not fall further behind, which is why the managing turnover trend has become so important to so many organizations.Organizations know w hy managing turnover is so important, but what do human resource departments do to combat unwanted turnover? As stated in the paragraph above it all begins with the hiring process. Hiring qualified, intelligent, and hard running(a) individuals is a goal that most organizations have, but to achieve these goals the organization must find, recruit, and retain these employees. To find and recruit these gifted individuals theorganization must market itself well and have something to differentiate their organization from all the others. Companies achieve this by having a good name, and offering benefits and perks that their competition does not.Once these individuals are notice and recruited the organization must then retain the services of these employees. An employee that goes to work each day happy will be less liable(predicate) to leave the organization, so the human resource department must keep these employees happy to effectively manage his or her organizations turnover. Each in dividual will find different aspects of his or her working life to be important, but overall human resources should strive to make each employee feel safe and happy at work. Additionally, the organization should create challenging and interesting job positions but most of all employees want to be treated fairly and with respect. The trend of managing turnover is not easy to ascertain, but is a goal that most organizations should implement with the help of its human resources department.Safety and Health ManagementAlong the lines of creating a process where the turnovers of employees are managed are the guard and health issues associated within an organization. Safety and health are of particular concern for all working individuals and the United States government saw it fit for laws to be enacted to nurture these rights by establishing the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Workers Rights Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, n.d.). These rights areGet tra ining from your employer as required by OSHA standards.Request information from your employer about OSHA standards, worker injuries and illnesses, job hazards and workers rights.Request action from your employer to correct hazards or violations.File a complaint with OSHA if you believe that there are either violations of OSHA standards or serious workplace hazards.Be involved in OSHAs inspection of your workplace.Find out results of an OSHA inspection. (Workers Rights, n.d.)With these rights and applicable laws established, a worker is armed with the proper tools to establish a safe working place, furthering his or her job satisfaction to improve retention.While discussing the aspects of health and galosh in the workplace, it is important to not one of the most influential laws established in the United States concerning this topic, the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Duties of this act are stated as followsEach employer shall furnish to each of his employee employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employeesshall comply with occupational sanctuary and health standards promulgated under this Act.Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct. (OSH act of 1970, January 1, 2004)We can see from this passage of the OSH act that specific laws will be applied to all private work practices to ensure the rights of the workers are protected, with respect to health and safety. It is in the best interest, then, for the organization to adhere to specific laws and regulations to keep a safe working environment for employees. The costs of litigation again show how employers will gain more from safe working environments and provide for sinewy productive employees. The trend shown here is for government to p rovide the necessary controls over privatebusinesses to ensure health and safety practices are implemented and adhered to.While the trend for employers is to provide for healthy and safe working environments, industrial accidents are products of unsafe behavior and not unsafe working conditions (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2004). The culture of an organizations safety consciousness is still a concern which human resources needs to address. The need to address the safety culture of an organization is paramount in establishing a healthy safety record for a company. Safety records can be used as bargaining tools for companies vying for contracts within other organizations. This incentive for an organization can produce a culture that provides for individual employees in a long-term basis, promoting a culture that is safety conscious.Long-term job exposure in a integrated organization promotes a culture that is conducive to safety (as discussed in Dunn, 2001). But human resour ces provide the spearhead group that initiates the programs to promote the health and safety of an organizations personnel. With programs such as mandatory safety training and different qualification requirements, a company can show how determined it is to foster safety and health within the workplace. Incentives such as safety awards, safety bingo, and safety presentation awards can reinforce the culture established within an organization (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2004).healthiness of employees encourages a productive workforce. We have already discussed the controls of government within the private business. Next we discuss the costs of safety and health of employees to an organization. Indeed, addressing safety and health issues in the workplace saves the employer money and adds shelter to the business (Kautz, 2007). Estimates of around $170 million of expenditures by businesses arising from occupational injuries (as discussed in Kautz, 2007) are costing employers mor e than profits. Employees who work for organizations that are conscientious about safety and health of its employees enjoy less stress, less impact on family from impact of injuries, and less impact on their incomes due to disgrace (Kautz, 2007).Therefore, indirect costs added by improved health and safety can revolve around the programs implemented by companies. Such indirectcosts include increased productivity, higher quality products, increased morale, better labor/management relations, reduced turnover, and better use of human resources (Kautz, 2007). Employers need to see intangibles such as these presented in order to fully appreciate the costs associated with implementing safety programs and health benefits. Intangible items are key to running a business efficiently and effectively. The value added to businesses by continued concern for safety and health of everyone in the organization contributes to the welfare of not only the workers, but of the families and communities wh ere the organization does its commerce.Future Trends and Challenges_Globalization_The world has never been so interdependent. All trends point to cooperation as a fundamental, growing force in business (Lewis 1991). The past ten years has seen a shift in the business world towards a more global economy. No longer are businesses confined to their home borders, they are expanding into other countries and continents. This shift has had a significant impact on human resources management. Globalization has fueled growth, cooperation between business and government, and created an abundance of new jobs. Companies looking for a competitive edge in the U.S. may open an office in Asia and leverage a cheaper work force to handle responsibilities such as development, manufacturing, or support. Because of this, human resources managers may find themselves staffing a project with members spread out across the globe. This presents a relatively new and challenging issue that must be tackled in ord er to successfully manage projects and requires managers to be more culturally aware._Challenges of Managing a Virtual Team_Many organizations are also implementing schedules where their team may work remotely at home or even abroad. Profound systemic changes have been seen in the way companies are structured. The concepts of leadership and managing people gave undergone a radical rethink. Cubicles, hierarchies and rigidorganization structures of the past, have now given way to open work environment, flat structure with informality being a general rule and empowerment of individuals (Shivakumar, 2007). Today work itself is revolve around around projects, which have virtual teams working on them. This work structure has led to a culture of flexi time, round the clock accessibility to the workplace. Also espial up fast is the trend of workstations at home, remote access, video-conferencing and reporting by exception (Shivakumar, 2007).For effective human resources management to occu r, managers must first establish lines of colloquy between the members. E-mail and faxes are great for communicating facts however, there lacks feelings behind the facts. They also do not allow for real-time communication. Conference calls and project prattle rooms can help, but they also have their limitations. Videoconferencing is a significant improvement over non-visual electronic forms of communication. Still, it is a very expensive medium, and real-time interaction is available on only the most advanced and expensive systems.Even with the best system, managers have to overcome the problem of time zone differences, cultural nuances, and finding a convenient time for people to conference (Gray 2003). By establishing primary and secondary windows of time for meetings, a human resources manager can begin to attain trust between the members without the face-to-face meetings. Once trust and accountability have been established among employees, it will be able to build synergy an d employees will be focused on achieving their goals._Challenges with Multiple Ethnic and Sociopolitical Backgrounds_Human resources management also includes facing the challenge of managing teams with members from multiple ethnic and sociopolitical backgrounds. It is important for managers to do their homework and become familiar with the customs and habits of the host country they are going to be working in or the diversity within the team they are working with. Sensitive issues may cause conflict between team members working together on the project. It is the managers responsibility to become the mediator and part the issue between the conflicting members. Although this is easier said than done, themanager must keep the staff going in the right direction._Technology Enhancements_Over the past few years, human resources training software has gone through many changes. Current global trends and telecommuting requires training that can be accessible via any computer affiliated to the internet. The development and use of electronic learning is also seen as a major area of potential change as individuals both in and foreign the workplace increasingly gain access to online education (Schramm 2007).With electronic mail and interconnectivity of mail systems there is less regard for the geographic location of the employees. Training can also be conducted via teleconference or web- conference.Other enhancements in technology include things such as online reviews, schedule management, and benefits enrollment. Many human resources related functions are done electronically through an organizations intranet._Work/Life Balance_Companies today are constantly striving towards enhancing the quality of work life and the personal life of its employees and this does not stop with the employee buts gets extended to his / her family as well (Shivakumar, 2007). Many organizations are adopting benefits such as on-site health clubs, aerobics and yoga classes, sports and cultural activities, employee get-togethers with families invited, day care centers and onsite weight-loss groups.Other benefits are geared towards the family such as extended paid time off for new mothers, paid bonding time for fathers, additional paid time off monthly for parents to attend schools functions with their children, and flexible spending accounts for childcare and healthcare.Additional benefits to create work and life balance help retain goodemployees. In addition, it increases productivity because workers are less stressed they have increased morale, get sick less, and ultimately save organizations money. In the long run, organizations have to spend less money on hiring new employees and on things such as loss of time because of decreased productivity.ReferencesNoe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. (2004). Fundamentals ofHuman Resource Management. tonic York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Gray, Clifford F. & Larson, Erik W (2003) _Project Management The Manageria l__Process._ New York McGraw-HillLewis, Jordan. (2001). _Competitive Alliances Redefine Companies._ Retrieved December20, 2007 from University of Phoenix Info Trac databaseSchramm. HR Magazine. _HR Trends._ Retrieved December 20, 2007 fromhttp//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_10_49/ai_n6254361Shivakumar, Radha_. Emerging Trends in Managing Human Resources._ RetrievedDecember 20, 2007 from http//www.humanlinks.com/manres/articles/trends_hr.htmOSH act of 1970. (January 1, 2004). Retrieved December 24, 2007, from U.S. Department of comminute web site http//www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=OSHACT&p_id=27435.Workers Rights Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. (n.d.). Retrieved December 24, 2007, from www.osha.gov U.S. Department of Labor web site http//www.osha.gov/as/opa/worker/rights.html.Dunn, D. (June 18, 2001). technical Security maintenance team marks 20 years with no lost-time injury. Retrieved December 24, 2007, from web site http/ /www.hanford.gov/reach/viewpdf.cfm?aid=81.Kautz, J. (2007). Employee Health and Safety. Retrieved December 24, 2007, from scummy Business Notes web site http//www.smallbusinessnotes.com/operating/hr/safety.html.

Hydrophonics: An Agricultural Advancements

From cloned animals to herbicide-resistant seed, science-based technologies have never had a larger influence on agriculture than they are today and will likely widen to have in the future.The technological advancements in agriculture between 1960 and 1990 are often referred to as the Green Revolution. These innovations included the development and commercialization of high-yield seeds, the increased industry of chemical pesticides and herbicides, and the widespread use of modern fertilizers and irrigation techniques.Soil Science is the natural resource science devoted to the thin layer of the earths lithosphere (crust) responsible for musical accompaniment life. Soil Science includes the basic biological, chemical geological and physical characteristics of the soils of the world, as well as the management of soils to produce food and protect the environment.Hydroponics from the Latin water working, is simply growing plants without soil.Hydroponics is as old as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Today this technology is widely used to grow lush, healthy interior plants and premium grade vegetables, fruits and herbs. The physiological requirements of plants can be met without the use of soil or natural sunlight. Plants are rooted (and thus supported) in an inert medium and nutrition is provided by water soluble mineral elements.The corn borer is devastating for the farmer, costing growers more than $1 billion annually in the coupled States. Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis, which is a naturally occurring soil existence. Bacillus thuringiensis produces a powerful toxin protein that kills the European corn borer when ingested. In response to this observance, researchers modified the Bt gene that produces the protein in the organism.Then, they inserted the modified gene into corn germplasm. Scientists can even choose which part of the corn plant they want to display the Bt trait in green meander and pollen, or even corn leaves, sheath, stalk, ear shank, ke rnels and silks. As a result, the Bt gene-enhanced corn germplasm is able to kill the corn borer just as the Bacillus thuringiensis organism can.

High School vs. College: The Contrast

After four grueling years in that beloved insane asylum where we spend the forgo and happy days of our unraveling lives, the high-pitched school, we atomic number 18 directed to climb a higher level of education called college. However, with its very high college dropout rate, nigh of Americas youth never know the difference anymore.Nevertheless, there argon several points of comparison and personal credit line between the two education levels. The identification of these contrasts can be a necessary tool to aid those who have decided to take on an extra mile by pursuing a degree (Breitspecher, 2006).Personal FreedomLet us start drawing contrasts between high school and college in the aspect of personal freedom. Basically, high school is compulsory because it is normally offered free of charge. We really have no choice but to pursue high school, if we want to be called normal. However, pursuing the next level, which is college, is a prerogative.This is especially true in the U S, where the number of those who pursue college is dwindling. A probable reason for this is the more intemperate and serious nature of the college level, and the escalating costs that it requires of those who dream of it (Murray put in University, 2006).Further, the two has a contrast in terms of personal freedom in the sense of management, be it in time, finances, and activities. In high school, we usually live with our parents, and are therefore composition to their rules and regulations, which may involve curfews.Our instructors and the school administration are too in control of our time as we are basically given time schedules, and we are supposed to merely follow suit. For whatever activities we may want to join in, we must first ask the permission of our parents, and the school asks for their permission if they are school-based activities. on with joining any activity, the money we will be needing for finance must be asked from our parents, and in that way, we are rest ricted to their bidding (Murray disk operating system University, 2006).In college, people usually move out and live on their own. Then, we are left to do as we choose to. However, this independence is accompanied by certain responsibilities, moral, and economic restrictions. For one, we are free to join any activity of our choice.However, we are also held responsible for the consequences of our choices. We are also left on our own to spend our money for whatever purposes, but we are also held responsible to pay for our bills and purchase our basic necessities (Murray State University, 2006).Essentially, these contrasts on personal freedom stem from the societys evolution remainations for us. In high school, we are deemed in need of guidance so our parents direct, and in that sense control, our everyday details. In college, we are expected to have knowledgeable from our high school experiences, and mature enough to act responsibly when left on our own.As quoted from the movie Sp iderman, with great power comes great responsibility. College sure endows us with round degree of power over our own lives, but a great deal of responsibility comes along with it (Murray State University, 2006).ClassesThe second aspect in which high school can be contrasted with college is in the conduct of the classes. In high school, we are given class schedules, which consists of consecutive classes with minimal break times. In a week, the hours we spend attending those classes sum up to 30 hours, and this extend to 26 weeks.Classes are often in terms of one whole school year, wherein the teacher will closely monitor attendance, and matters of delinquency must be settled. We typically have almost 35 classmates to endure the entire year with. We are also usually given the books we will need, and we are only concerned with passing our subjects, not graduating from high school because it is almost a sure thing (Murray State University, 2006).In college, things take on a different twist. You usually decide which subject you will take when, and thereby design your own time schedule. Only around 12 to 16 hours are spent inside the classrooms, and they can be during the evenings, typically sandwiched between vacant hours. However, these improvements are to serve the purpose of lightening the weighted coursework that college requires.Classes also practically last only half of the academic year, as the academic year is divided into two semesters. Knowing your classmates will be difficult since a class usually consists of 75 to a hundred students. You will have to allocate your allowance well or find extra citation of finances since you will be expected to provide your own books, which will usually cost a lot. Attendance is not usually monitored, but your mentors expect you to know everything thats going on in class.You must also work your way through graduation and device ways and means on how to satisfy the graduation requirements of your degree, unlike in high school where everything is almost a given and all you had to do is wait for the graduation ball (Murray State University, 2006).

Fast-Food Advertising Deceives Americans to Obesity Essay

With every precious tick of the clock, an the Statesn rushes to perform yet another task in a day with a sp ar 24 hours. With all the activity encompassed within these hours, many aspects of life atomic number 18 neglected. star of these aspectsthe most important and vital one, in fact is self-nourishment. One essential eat foods that are healthy as well as conducive to optimal bodily function and survival. In an attempt to adequately nourish themselves, Americans bedevil fallen victim to seductive fast-food publicize that falsely leads them to believe that fast-food is healthy this is an unconscionable misrepresentation on the part of the advertisers and thus should be punished.Firstly, what is the point of advertising? Advertising, the San Francisco Chronicle says, is meant too woo the consumer. The fast food industry uses images of crisp green lettuce, juicy red tomatoes, and crunchy nutritious onions in its advertisements to lure the hungry American off their couch and int o fast-food restaurants. This unabashed seduction of the mouth and eyes, coupled with endorsements of celebrities (Britney Spears for McDonalds, BB King for Burger King, etc.), leads Americans to fast-food restaurants in droves.Since the late 1970s, notes the Anchorage Daily News, fast food consumption has lift over 15%. While Americans used to consume fast food for about only 17% of their meals, that number has now skyrocketed to 32%. The sharp gain in consumption of fast food since the 1970s can be attri neverthelessed to the aggressive advertising campaigns of the fast food industry. Clearly, the objectives of these advertisers have been met as they have been flourishing in attracting consumers by the millions and thus achieving enormous growth within the industry.However, the means by which advertisers attract these customers are deceitful. Fast-food advertisers, charges the Boston Globe, are aware of the fact that, America is weight-conscious. They pepper their advertisement s with images of vegetables and healthy foods to make fast food seem healthy. However, this is simply not the case one quarter-pounder with a large side of French hot up from the infinitely popular Burger King chain, has 1,166calories, 95 mg of cholesterol, 1,300 mg of sodium, and over 51 grams of fat. These amounts far surpass the recommended intake per meal. The Lexington Clipper-Herald declares, Fast food restaurants, ranging from Ranch One to McDonalds to Popeyes have meals that top over 2,000 calories- the recommended daily caloric intake for an adult aged 18-65. These facts are masked and overlooked in advertisements, causation health-conscious Americans, as well as those who simply desire a quick meal, to buy fast-food with little or no knowledge of its negative effectuate.What exactly are these negative effects? one may ask. Well, not only are many Americans unaware of the fatty content in many fast foods, they truly believe that it is healthy due to the advertising that is intended to make them believe so. Thus, they eat fast food as often as two or three times a day. The Guardian quotes one man, Gregory Rhymes, a nearly 400-pound man as saying I normally order the Big Mac, fries, ice-cream or shake for lunch and dinner. I like to super-size my orders.. His mother, Ruth, said shortly after, I would have stopped him, but I always believed that McDonalds food was healthy for my son.The Rhymes are not alone The Seattle Times reports that Over the last few decades, increase consumption and sales of unhealthful fast food has paralleled the rising prevalence of obesity. This increased consumption and growth in sales is partly the result of deceptive advertising. Though other factors may have caused the increased popularity of these chains, such as the American lifestyle, the reality is that this devious advertising has contributed to an ever-growing trend, with over 25% of American children either overweight or obese.This obesity, while obviously aesthe tically unappealing, has been associated with cardiovascular, endocrine, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, musculoskeletal, neurological, and psychosocial complications according to the Boston Globe. Again, the defamatory advertising that has caused millions to choose fast-food restaurants over healthier alternatives has effectively contributed to the higher incidence of obesity in the United States. It is unconscionable that any company, well-aware of the potential harmful effects of their food, could so egregiously deceive and subsequently profit from the ignorance of the American public. Of course, it is the responsibility of every individualto educate themselves about the food theyre eating as they are making a conscious decision when purchasing and consuming the fast-food meals.However, ones responsibility to oneself does not relieve the fast-food industry of their obligation to educate or at least, present fairly to the public the products they offer. The responsibility of a company to the society at large is such that they do not harm their customers but add value through their product. In this case, the fast-food industry has played a significant role in the rise in obesity due to their mentally ill faith advertising. Marketing campaigns that reek of dishonesty should be eliminated and any continued deception of this nature should be subjected to either monetary or regulatory punishment. It would be tragic for more people like Gregory Rhymes to suffer as a result of consumers misplaced trust. Hopefully, with increased health awareness, the popularity of fast-food depart slowly fade Americans will regain their health and reclaim lives crippled by fast-food induced obesity and its complications.

Paul and Women Essay

The role of wo custody during the early Christian generation has always been contested. Until the present era, despite the increasing and growing advocacy for women rights and equating of gender, there are becalm a lot of issues and controversies regarding the matter. In the Gospel of Paul, written in the bibles New Testament, the role of women in the society has been both emancipated and questioned. In Romans 161-7, Paul has affirmed the ministry of women by accepting the role of women as servants of the church. In addition to this, Paul has placed women in equal footing to men by mentioning Priscilla, wife of Aquila, for her high status.In the same verses as well, Paul also mentioned fellow female apostles, thus showing that women have been allowed to take their rightful(prenominal) places in the society during the early times (Keener, 2008). Moreover, in Galatians 326-28, Paul totally eliminated the distinction between men and women, along with removing the barriers between Jew s and Greeks and slaves and free men (Zeolla, 2006). Through these verses, Paul has regarded women as mens equal. On the other hand, in 1 Corinthians 112-15, the covering of womens head rather sick a different emphasis on gender roles and equality.In these passages, a woman is pertained to as a glory of man. And thus, she must cover her hair in order to prevent lustful intentions from other men. Insubordination from this rule renders a woman as an adulteress and vulgar (Keener, 2008). Despite the contradictions presented in the Corinthians verse, Paul has advocated for equality between men and women. Though the covering of womens head has been treated as a means of womens succumbing to mens rule, the passages stated in Corinthians were explained as means in protecting the chastity and reputation of women in public.

Peasants DBQ Essay

This revolt lasted from 1524 till 1526, it began in the German states, and the main reason for the revolt was new Lutheran ideas that were beginning to go against the traditional Catholicism ideas.Documents 1,4 and 5 give insight on the views those who were on the grandeur side, Documents 2 and 3 give more than specific details over the views of peasants and finally for Documents 7,8 and 12 rationalize how the mainly how the revolt didnt have much meaning behind it.Documents 1, 4, and 5 explained the point of view of the nobility which mostly all of the nobility agree it was negative. In Document 1the Chancellor of Bavaria wrote how he believed that the revolt was simply the belief of the time and thats why so many peasants were following the same belief. thus far the chancellor doesnt realize the side of the peasant who strive for a better life for themselves, they simply want to have more rights for the individuality. In put down 4 it explains how they have not reach any relig ious achievements, so for their freedom they must give a large amount of money to barter for their freedom. As for document 5 a pope explains how the peasants argon more like salvages and act very ruthless during their revolt. All 3 of these documents are more than likely extremely biased since the nobility unaccompanied wanted to better themselves and nobody else.Document 2 and 3 explained how the peasants felt during the revolt which they unlike the nobility believed their actions were going to a positive cause. In document 2 a local crafts soulfulness explain how the lords been cruel to all peasants. He is stating the lords and nobles should offer payment for their operate not simply force them to do task like slaves. This relates to Luthers knowledge and ideas instead peasants apply it not only to the church but outside of the church. In document 3 they explain the wrong doing of the lord by controlling peasant, they continue into saying that the rulers set by god would be th e only one peasants would follow, but that they should still be set free and not be under so many restrictions. Both sides will not be entirely correct since they both strive to better themselves,which of course they would maintain bias to their sides.Documents 7, 8, and 12 explain the negative side of the revolt from a third person point of view. Document 7 comes from Martin Luther saying how the revolt from the peasants contradicts what they said he goes on explaining that their actions are under the devils order. Although the actions they may have taken wasnt the best response they did fight for what they believed in and all throughout history this has occurred many times fighting for what you think is right. Document 8 explains how if they all are brothers then the rich should share their wealth with the peasants, yet many would have trouble with this, because the one persons wealth is every wealthy person wealth. Document 12 explains how the peasants forgot their place in the r evolt, how they do not have the power to de3ciede for themselves. It truly shows how the peasants have absolutely no word in their treatment.

Crime Reduction

Mohammed N. M. Sayan ESL 0405 ESL Advanced Writing Date February 13th, 2013 Dr. J. Parla Palumbo Topic Crime Reduction Title What can I do to reduce crime? Thousands of crimes happen all over the world and increase exponentially every year. According to Nations Masters website, more than twelve million crimes committed in the United states last year. Crime statistics. nationmaster. com. Rapid Intelligence, 2002. Web. 25 February 2013. All of these crimes have happened due to high poverty rates and a poor education system.Although there ar more police to govern the streets and strict punishment is being enforced, it is still not enough to reduce crime. I believe there are m whatsoever ways to reduce crime however, paying guardianship to surroundings, self-protection, and taking some common intellect precautions are underlying ways not to get ? nvolved in crimes. Reducing crime is a job for everyone. The majority of crime is opportunistic. For example, valuables left in view in a car, an open window in an empty house, walking alone on a dark street, carrying large sums of cash, unlocking your car door, or leaving furniture and gaming things in the yard overnight.Criminals always seek people who do not pay attention to their surroundings. To avoid becoming a victim, people must rent charge of their own safety. There are no guarantees against crime prevention except their self-protection which can help reduce the chances of becoming casualty. For instance, In topic of armed robber, it is best to hand over your wallet and do not resist because criminals do not want to get caught, says Tony Farrenkopf, Ph. D. , a clinical and rhetorical psychologist in private practice in Portland.Dulce Zamora. How to protect yourself against crime. webmd. com. 2006. Web. . 25 February 2013. Danger may be lurking around any corner, and taking some common sense precautions will protect them from potentially dangerous situations. Firstly, people can make it difficult for crim inals to victimize them. Every human has an internal alarm which usually alerts them when they are walking into a bad situation. To fine tune their personal alarm, they must bespeak some precautions such as, trusting yourself, be aware of the eighborhood, pay attention to people around the area, understand the effects of alcohol and drugs, and react properly. These are all examples to warn them before they get involve in crime and at last help reducing crime, too. Criminals are always looking for someone who is vulnerable. Therefore, every citizen has a responsibility to keep their surrounding areas safe by reporting any kinds of suspicious activities to the police. Some people setups a burglar alarm system in their property to protect themselves against burglary orproperty damage.Others, training their guard-dogs to alert them against danger. On the other side, government must also provide high security cameras in places where crimes are frequently happen. Taking all into account , people have to take the responsibility in order to have a better life by following some basics rules such as self-protection and precautions. They superpower be simple but they are effective in decreasing crime. As they say, prevention is better than cure. Works Cited Bustamante, Karina. Reducing Crime. Blogspot. 14 May 2008. Web. 25 February 2013 Crime statistics. nationmaster. com. Rapid Intelligence, 2002. Web. 25 February 2013 . Protecting yourself from crime and abuse. Beechwood Neighborhood Coalition. . Zamora, Dulce. How to protect yourself against crime. webmd. 2006. Web. . 25 February 2013 .

Film review on the 3 idiots Essay

Farhan qureshi and raju rastogi want to re-unite with their fellow collegian, rancho, after faking a stroke on base an air india plane, and excusing himself from his wife trouser less respectively. Enroute, they encounter some other student, chatur ramalingam, now a successful businessman, who reminds them of a bet they had undertaken 10 years ago. The trio, while recollecting screaming(prenominal) antics, including their run-ins with the dean of delhis imperial college of engineering science, viru sahastrabudhe, race to grade rancho, at his last cognisen address little knowing the secret that was kept from them all this term. p arentage http//www.imdb.com/title/tt1187043/plotsummaryF. Criticize on the followingI. Story and themeIt has a great story of assorted students raju wants to uplift his family fortunes. Rancho is a wealthy genius who studies for the sheer joy of it. Farhan wants to become a wildlife photographer, moreover has conjugate engineering college to fu lfil his fathers wish. They all lived their college years to the fullest even though there are a lot of troubles happening to them. They helped each other in their own lives as tumesce as their other dreams in life. Ii. ScreenplayIt has a comely script, a typical college life mostly students experience. There are a lot of troubles that they need to solve and they are together as one. Through all their sorrows and mirth they stayed on each others side. All praises to the bindingplay writer because it was a very hilarious moving picture that everyone will enjoy watching it.Iii. DirectionThe direction was good, because there a lot happening in one taking over and the director managed to do everything he can to direct everyone else who was part of the film. Especially the terpsichore numbers done by the students, it takes lots of patience in doing such for a film.Iv. CinematographyThe motion-picture photography is good, they feature a lot of great sights and locations. Although, im not sure where those locations are. (probably in india) it featured some really great shots of buildings and landscapes. And from what i exact, the set that they used for the engineering school is really small. The substance they shot the delineation made it big. That is a really great factor.V. EditingThe editing had a a few(prenominal) issues with continuity. The movie was two hours and forty minutes long. We are not sure if that is the directors decoct we watched or if the movie was really that long. According to people who have seen the movie, it is really long. Nevertheless, they managed to squeeze all the important elements of the movie well. One of our favorite parts is when the scene is set at rajus familys house. The screen would change into black and white since the narrator described their house to be a perfect scene for a family who is struggling in a drama movie. A father who is sick, a mother who has no job and a sister who cannot be wed- definitely black and white.Vi. ActingVery convincing indeed, oddly during the scenes wherein they needed to cry. This movie is very wholesome, because there was not a lot of sexual things going on. The scenery is in a university and from our past experiences whe neer we watch movies like these, there would be a lot of leering girls trying to seduce the guys. In this movies case, the only sexual instances that we saw was when chatur tried to fragmentise the cin one casentration of the students who were studying the night before their exams by slipping erotic magazines inside each dormitory. And another instance was when pia was drunk and she went to the 3 idiots dormitory. But nothing happened, no one took advantage of her sexually. Overall, their performing is very believable and they portrayed their characters well.Vii. DialoguesViii. SoundtrackIx. Visual effectsX. Costume and make-upG. Additional notes to considerI. either interesting facts about the making of the filmThe college and the hostel scenes were filmed at indian institute of management, bangalore, although the fancied imperical college of engineering depicted in the movie is situated in the city of delhi. The ragging scenes were shot in the girls dormitory and the resident girls saw the whole scene (not shown). The actors admitted feeling uncomfortable while acquire undressed to their underwear in front of them and getting their buttocks stamped. Aamir khans character rancho says in the movie that people study engineering, then management, and then become bankers, so what is the whole point of studying engineering.This is exactly what chetan bhagat (the author of five point someone, the book from which the movie has been adapted) did. He studied engineering from iit, management from iim, and became a banker. While arrive ating the drunk scene, aamir suggested that they get really drunk and that happened on the pluck which resulted in numerous retakes and the stock of camera roll got over and the unit had to go to another shoot in bangalore (where the film was shot) to get roll. Ii. Budget and box-office performanceIii. Awards and honorsIv. Social, political, and/or historical context for the film, controversies and issues A animosity developed a few days after the release, however, over the fact that chetans credit, based on the novel five point someone by chetan bhagat appeared in the closing credits rather than in the opening ones. At that time, bhagat stated that he was expecting an opening credit and i was quite surprised on not seeing it. They had bought the rights, made the payment and committed to a credit in the contract. Its there, but its not about it being there, its about the placement and the prominence. in a 31 december 2009 blog post on his personal website, bhagat stated that he was told the movie was only 25% based on the book, but when he saw it, he felt that it was 70% of the book. He also argued that he was misled by the makers of the film, though he noted, that th is has nothing to do with mr. Arpit godha i am a big fan of aamir and he has made my story reach people. However, he was told by the makers not to read the book, and he hasnt. Thus, he cannot comment on the issue in a meaningful manner.V. What others have state about the film?From http//www.imdb.com/title/tt1187043/reviews aamir does it again. What a movie .from start to the end, hilarious moments.screenplay is fantastic. Full on clowning and yet it never looses its marrow. Aamir pulls off a 22 year old character with brilliance. Never for once you feel you are watching aamir .it was rancho on screen. Sharman n madhavan i bow down to them. Music looks ok on cd but during movie it worked as a plus point. Situational tracks works in the privilege of film. Runtime may sound a bit too much but believe me, you wont know when the first half is over. Second half may seem a bit too hilarious but apart from that its a masterpiece. Gr8 aamir ,another brilliant movie. rajkumar hirani The name is enough to create an excitement in any cinema-fan alive. Munnabhai series have been awesome films, and his latest offering 3 idiots is another masterstroke from this genius.I have no idea how 5-point-someone is, all i know is that 3 idiots is an amazing/awesome/inspiring film. A embrace of a film A film that is rich in emotions, a film that leaves behind a great moral. The youth are sure to worship this film, and that will make this film a blockbuster. incite anything youre planning to do till the 31st, watch 3 idiots, its worth your time and money. Hirani and joshis script is simply superb. Through humor how many rights and wrongs are said. I really loved the sort hirani showed us sharmans family. A typical 1950s family, its hilarious as well as genius. The film has superb performances aamir is fantastic as funsok wang do. Hes a delight every time he appears on screen and delivers his careers finest work. Maddy excels, hes astounding in the sequence when he shares his hea rt with his father.Sharman joshi is good, yet again. Omi is a masterstroke. A surprise packet, his speech sequence is sure to be remembered forever Kareena is weak. Boman irani is psychotropic as the vicious head. He leaves you speechless in the scene when he awards aamir the pen. Mona is average. The music is decent, with all izz well being a complete chart-buster. The cinematography is perfect. All other departments are satisfactory. thankfully i drank umber during the movie but ran out of m&m chocolates and was desperate to pass the time quickly. To me a movie is an escapism from reality. I want to be thrilled and entertained. But 3 idiots was reminding me of the reality and stating the obvious philosophies. It was predictable. Everything was so nice and cheesy. Oh hug me i hug you bullshits repeated over and over again. I love nice people and nice things happening but thats in reality. In the movie i wanted something different. polish off of the day, i had a sense of accompli shment for sitting through the entire movie.H. Values and relevance never try to be successful, pursue excellence freedom to life, life is beautiful passion leads to excellence skill is very simple, never stop life is management of emotions & no optimization of intelligenceI. Overall abbreviationThe movie is very hilarious that you dont want to miss any single sequence of it. It was such a nice movie recommended especially to students because they will learn a lot. The movie is chequer for college students. It only shows that no matter where you come from, as long as you love your craft. You will be able to finish what you started.

Blind People

Blind reprimand Our s-cane will need several unique features that will outstand and give our point of intersection a chance to compete with the some other earth cane out there in the merchandise place. 2. 3. 1 Unique features * Build in Global arrangement System (GPS) that will help in navigating the cunning person to the place that he or she wishes to go to. * Earphone provided to aid the blind person in hearing commands given to them by the s-cane. * Build in ultrasonic sensor that will help in identifying obstacles ahead to prevent the blind person from strike or misjudge the path that they are walking into. Retractable front end tip of the cane that will help the blind person in keeping their s-cane safe in their bag or even their pocket. * The s-cane also has a build in radio that can provide some merriment to the blind person. At the moment there are no smart cane on the market yet, but there are several researches and also some prototype that has been developed by o ther countries on this smart cane. 2. 6 Opportunities for the expansion of the harvest-time.There will be some possibilities that this s-cane will be expanding on the market and will probably receive a high in demand on the market especially when we were able to market this product at a reasonable and affordable price. We are hoping that our product can be used widely by the blind person all over the domain of a function and will have a positive impact on the daily life of a blind person. Although it is a new product but, the function and also the unique features embedded in the s-cane will contributes a lot in aiding the blind persons daily routine in either going away to work, walking down the street or even walking their children to school.To increase the chances of having a higher opportunities in expanding this product, we were also thinking of collaborating with other big company out there such as Samsung, LG, Philips ad a lot more. This will help a lot to our product in ex panding its new invention to the commonwealth out there that have never heard of it before. People as we know will go for a known brand as compared to those new developed brand out there. So, by collaborating our s-cane product with the company out there we will be able to market the s-cane more widely and much more easily.

Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts

Guide folds for Writing the three major(ip) air divisions of the writings check up on inventionicle (Introduction, literary works, and talk aboution) follow. Directions Do non gravel typing until you see the level heading An Overview and Purpose in your templet. The Guidelines argon arised by LECTURES and INSTRUCTIONS. Lectures and colligate accepting material atomic number 18 let ind to assist in ontogenesis to apiece one p artistry of the Review. Where on that point is to be writing, there atomic number 18 specific instruction manual as what is to be accommodated under each heading. Instructions appear in a box. Each give instructionion is numbered. Respond to ALL NUMBERED INSTRUCTIONS.Introduction to the publications preface Your Brief Topic before the Colon An Overview and Purpose Lecture Note This section is revised with each new submission of a gulp. The introductory section should mention out the yield ( caper battleground, guiding concept, them e or re see question or problem) that is being revaluationed. Aim for an eye contracting opening sentence. both(prenominal)times this is a dramatic fetchion of a number to catch the readers attention such as the prevalence of a disease, crime rate, school drop out rate, or sales volume. Be sure the bailiwick is foc occasiond on the literary productions that get out be distinguished.Briefly define the key concepts. re look these immediately. The topic should be equally focused to permit an in-depth, substantial investigation, relevant to an bea of advanced theatre of operations/global leadership that guides a range of head, results in an extensive depend of donnish lit, and generation of questions for upgrade interrogatory. The resolve of a literary works review is sacrificeed in the introduction. Bourner (1996) reports the chase Purposes of a publications review (reasons for a review of the literary works) before embarking on a re anticipate depict.The se reasons include to position gaps in the lit to vacate reinventing the wheel (at the very least this go out save time and it asshole stop you from making the identical mistakes as others) to carry on from where others shit already reached (reviewing the field allows you to build on the plat contour of animate acquaintance and ideas) to get joint other people working in the same fields (a researcher interlocking is a valuable resource) to increase your breadth of hunch forwardledge of your subject atomic number 18a to bring up germinal flora in your field of honor to provide the intellectual context for your avow work, enabling you to position your project congener to other work to identify opposing views to put your work into perspective to demonstrate that you advise glide path previous work in an atomic number 18a to identify education and ideas that may be relevant to your project to identify methods that could be relevant to your project B ourner, T. (1996). The research touch Four steps to success in T. Greenfield (Ed. ), Research methods Guidance for postgraduates (pp. 7-11). London Arnold. Retrieved 8-13-02 from Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology RMIT University http//www. ib. rmit. edu. au/tutorials/ writings/litrev. hypertext mark-up language As you attempt to define concepts (variables) and their relationships to other variables, if applicable, identify causal (in qualified) variables and cause (dependent variables). You may likewise identify other variables that potty be contextual, intervening, or mediating (see Creswell, pp. 94-95 or other texts). After you introduce the topic field of operations properly (instructions follow), you bequeathing pose a succinct one-sentence lay out of the review. Three suits of a concluding purpose statement in the overview are vitrine 1 The purpose of this review is to censoriously analyze the supposed and confirmable literary productions on web-based ins truction as an instructional method in distance education, with an vehemence on speciality studies that focus on instructional causeiveness, student learning outcomes, retention, student perceptions of this method of bloodline sales talk, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is instructional method of web-based instruction and the effects (dependent variable) are instructional effectiveness, student learning outcomes, retention, and student perceptions.Example 2 The purpose of this minute depth psychology of upriseive and trial-and-error publications is to (a) examine historical and current publications to evaluate whether gender workplace deviate exists (b) explore the impact such a bias would have on women in the workplace, specifically women pathetic up the corporate l supplementer and, (c) identify any notional or empirical gaps in the literature for the purpose of suggesting future areas of scholarl y inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is gender bias against women in the workplace and the effect (dependent variable) is mobility up the corporate ladder.Example 3 (Review carefully) The purpose of this life-sustaining analysis of theoretical and empirical literature is explore the influence of organizational leadership and other factors on organizational performance, in for-profit and not-for profit attend organizations, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variables (independent) are organizational leadership and other factors, contextual (intervening or mediating) variables are the eccentric person of organization (product versus service) and profit/non-profit, and the effect (dependent variable) is organizational performance.Please note in developing your purpose statement, that the purpose statement begins with The purpose of . and come togethers with a statement related to identifying future areas of schol arly inquiry. 9 Instructions Writing An Overview and Purpose (Follow precisely) *Review blackboard fabrication 5. routine your information and faculty comments for strengthening, as a guide to develop your Overview and Purpose (see items 1-9 below). *Draft 1 is due hebdomad 3. Review Forum 6. You will get a great start if you develop this well. 1. Using the template a. Develop a preliminary title of respect for the Review and include on the title page.The title should include the main concepts and themes (and/or key theories) for this review. believe this is a slender analysis of the literature NOT a research weigh In no area of this paper, should you refer to this Review of publications as a research think b. For the Introduction to the Literature, insert a brief subtitle preceding the colon for the level heading ___ Overview and Purpose. 2. chthonic the Overview and Purpose, introduce the paper with an eye catching opening sentence for the first paragraph. 3. After the e ye catching opening sentence, briefly draw in the topic (problem area, guiding concept, theme).Get to the point dont let the reader guess what the review is about a few sentences. 4. Next include brief definitions of each of the major concepts and cite references for these definitions in catch APA format. BE BRIEF this is not the literature entirely an introduction to it Anything you present in the introduction is developed in depth in the Review of the Literature. 5. Next, very briefly, attempt to identify how the literature explains these variables and their relationships to other variables. Include as many as possible variables because this will help in constructing a literature map.The map will show relationships between the variables as you describe here. bring forth with the pursuance The causal variables (independent are) The effects (dependent/outcome variables are Contextual (intervening or mediating) variables that further impact the dependent or outcome variable s are . 6. Discuss how the topic area was identified and your reasons (point of view) for selecting the topic area to conduct your critical analysis of the literature. Review the Guidelines How to Start deal a Topic and Overview and Purpose, including purposes identified by Bourner (1996).Begin with the following The topic area of ____ was selected because___. 7. formulate what you want to know about the topic. Review Hart, 1999, p. 14 (Questions the Review Can Answer). Begin with the following some(prenominal) questions to be answered through and through this critical analysis of the literature are 8. Answer the following Is the topic about the problems in a afflict or field of study, the processes in a discipline or field of study, or the practices in a discipline or field of study? Processes ordure refer to various epistemologic processes to develop knowledge (also discover Hart, 1999, p. 4). Introduce this intelligibly so the reader knows what you are speaking about. Beg in with the following The problem area of is about 9. Conclude the Overview and Purpose with a clearly formulated statement of purpose of the literature review. Use the examples in the guidelines, as a guide to develop this. pay back this clear (see examples in the previous lecture note). Begin with the following and include the ending The purpose of this .. , and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. Organization of the Review, Scope, and subroutine program library Research PlanOrganization of the Review Lecture Collect appropriate articles, read critically, identify concepts, theories, and themes, and think about the best way to present your topic. Write these concepts, theories, and themes down (see your Blackboard forum 5 submission and instructor response. Develop a Literature part. This is a electrical capacity function (Concept Map or Mind Map) All students will have a literature map that will guide the organization of the review and literature search. Build ( throw away) a optic picture of the concepts and their relationships, which results in a literature map.These evolve from your topic, key concepts, ideas, theme, and/or purpose. Dont introduce new information or concepts. It should first be introduced in the overview. The literature map is presented in-depth here. There are many methods to organize the review, which frequently change as you learn more than about the topic. Concept Mapping Representing information in draw form where key banters are joined by lines. These lines are then labeled to express the relationship between the basis. The resulting map shows links between key ideas and freighter then be read through to clarify relationships between key terms. . Definition and Purpose of a Literature Map. This map is a optic/graphic re exhibit of concepts, ideas, and themes that serve to guide thinking. In this show shimmy, the purpose is to guide the search and organizational presentation of your review. This map ser ves to i. Develop ideas for your review ii. Show relationships and interrelationships between the concepts, theories, and themes and if so, what type of relationships iii. Assist in organizing old knowledge and integrating it with new knowledge iv. Guide your literature search intend/strategy v. site subtitles (subheadings) to organize your literature review so that you can communicate your ideas systematically. vi. A literature/content map is a creative, intuitive, and chaste endeavor to see how things fit to generate substitutenatives. It is also analytical and critical, based on what you are determination in the literature. REVIEW THESE LINKS A simplified explanation of get wording of a Content map is described in the following URL web link http//users. edte. utwente. nl/lanzing/cm_home. htm b. Various types of Graphic or optic Organizers (review this online.Click each box) (you need to have the syllabus downloaded and Internet connection on) Chain of Events Clustering Compare/ secernate Continuum Cycle Family Tree Fishbone Interaction Outline Problem/Solution Spider Storyboard Venn Diagram Source http//www. sdcoe. k12. ca. us/score/actbank/sorganiz. htm Other Web sites Graphic or Visual Organizers Graphic or Visual Organizers A good site review this online by clicking link. ttp//edservices. aea7. k12. ia. us/edtech/classroom/workshops/organizers. html http//www. cast. org/ncac/index. cfm? i=3015 http//www. veale. com. au/phd/files/Lit_Map. pdf Some diagrams of content maps are depicted in the following URL web link http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/research/epp2/epp2. htmTable1 bare Mind Mapping Software (Smart Draw) http//www. smartdraw. com/specials/mindmapping. asp? id=13054 Readings on Mapping persuasions See Hart, 1999, pp. 142-162 Blackboards Assignments Toolbar See example of literature maps in Assignments Weeks 1-8 Literature Review (Critical Analysis) 50%.Within this f elderly is information on PowerPoint exhibit and Student Ex amples. Most of the student examples include literature maps for RES 702 (RES600) students. Organizing the review of the literature by themes, theories, or major concepts and related concepts provides a frame for the central topic to organize. In this case, you may proceed inductively or deductively. http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/kb/dedind. htm Exercise in Deductive/Inductive thinking http//www2. sjsu. edu/depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded. html3bFor example, a deductive approach might start with the broader view or concept(s) then move to the specific topic area. Example FOLLOWS A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature about distance learning. The map shows a deductive pattern of the major themes, using an interaction line style type of graphic organizer. Beginning with the broadest concept of distance education, web-based instruction interacts with student characteristics, which leads to evaluation of effectivenes s of web-based instruction in distance education. . . Other concepts and their relationships to guide the review are . . . Other organisational Methodologies for Reviews fleck RES 702 students are asked to develop literature maps that serve to organize the review, with more scholarly realize and depending upon the topic, you could also present the Review using an opposing view or methodo analytic approach. This is not judge now. c. The literature map generates an outline for the Review of the Literature Review Why do an Outline, and Basic Outlining skills http//www. und. du/instruct/wstevens/PROPOSALCLASS/PATRAS. html http//www. mnstate. edu/wasson/ed603/ed603lesson5. htm An outline provides a blueprint, skeleton, or a roadmap for the final written review. An outline is an organizational process that is a logical description of the beta components of the literature review. It provides a ocular and abstract design for writing. 1. Identify the main points in the order they shou ld be presented. 2. Differentiate each main heading into logical subheadings. 3. Use further subdivisions if necessary.IT IS STRONGLY SUGGESTED THAT YOU INCLUDE A SECTION ON MEASUREMENT OF YOUR MAJOR VARIABLES. REPORT round OF THE MAJOR METHODS, TOOLS, OR INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN PRIOR STUDIES TO MEASURE THE KEY CONCEPTS IN YOUR delimit. circuit card in the outline that follows, a sub-level heading is measurement of leadership and organizational performance. In the Review of the Literature section, you would then describe the tools whether qualitative or quantitative, and reliability, asperity (quantitative tools), and trust chargeiness of qualitative tools. Run a Proquest or Google search such as measurement leadership.This saves you time in the QP and literature in the address where you need to know how your variables have been studied and measured. It is best to have MORE detail in these themes. You can always change later. Example of an Outline (Let us say that th e following concepts are present in the literature map which could be Chain of Events, Clustering, or Interaction Outline. This is an example of an outline (quite detailed). It includes the major concepts that can be used for the literature search, and the outline is placed in the 2nd part of this Review (Review of the Literature) to organize how to present the literature. leading Classical, Progressive, Risk leadership Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders Leadership, Power and Influence Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership Practice Cultural Issues and Leadership Developing groups Leading organizational Change organisational Leadership tuition Strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement Organizational work Dimensions of Organizational performance Organizational temper Individual work Team Performance Supplier/Vendor Perspectives Customer gaiety Financial Performance springization Indicators Performance Driven Organizations Competency ModelingManaging Performance 360 Degree Feedback Collaborative Change Organizational Performance Measurement Output (Activities) and Outcome (Results) Measures Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Effectiveness 7 Instructions for Writing the Organization of the Review Do not present literature that you reviewed here. Just respond to questions 1-7. . After you design the literature map, begin with the statement A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature in this review about ___. 1. Next, describe the specific type of organizer that you used to design your map (for example, cluster, drawstring of events, cycle, etc). To do this, you need to review this syllabus on line, and click the different URL links of examples of opthalmic or graphic organizers (review preceding lecture which provides several types). 2. Identify the specific the concepts, theories, and themes that are in your literature map. 3.Next, briefly, describe the relationships between these concepts, theories and themes (such as what leads to what? Which are the causal, outcome and/or intervening variables? Are the concepts organized inductively or deductively? This all refers to the concepts, theories, and themes in your literature map. 4. Next explain that in addition to guiding the literature search, the literature map serves to identify themes, theories, and concepts that will organize the Literature Review. perplex these theories, concepts, and themes in outline form, differentiating each main heading into logical subheadings. (Keep it simple). . Due for draft 1, go to the next major section (Review of the Literature) insert these themes/concepts as level headings/sublevel headings in outli ne form. They serve to organize the Review of the Literature. Use appropriate APA (see p. 113 of APA) level headings. An example using APA level headings, is shown in the next major section of these guidelines. The concepts and themes for the example, uses the outline of themes previously talk abouted (leadership and organizational performance). 6. barge in the Figure 1, Literature Map at the end of this news of the Organization of the Review (before Scope and Context). . Make sure that you develop your literature map in a software application that can be copied and pasted into your Microsoft word put down containing your paper. b. Make sure the map is an appropriate size and fits within the call for paper margins. c. The Figure and , and Title (Literature Map) belong at the bottom, centered Figure 1 Literature Map Your goal is to have the map well-developed in draft 1 and finalized in (draft 2). It is expected that this map will change as you tighten and organize your literat ure review in the next section as well as well as in your do paper.Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature map evolves). Scope and Context Lecture This section lets the reader know what is and is not included in your literature review (scope). The topic is described in such a way that an appropriate context for the review of the literature is established, in a purposeful, logical way. The key terms here are included/excluded. You can restate the theories, concepts and constructs that you will include and obvious theories, concepts and constructs you wont include (Look at your problem and topic area).Identify what might be included in the search in terms of types of organizations (public/private for-profit, not for profit service/product types of businesses, types of educational institutions) populations such as new(a) versus old gender cultural groups countries or type of occupation. The major types of scholarly literature to review are empirical studies, review articles (critical analysis), theoretical articles/books, methodological articles, and case studies.These types of literature may be in the form of a book, hard copy journal articles, and electronic journal articles. The following are different types and forms of literature half-yearly Abstract in a unproblematic source, Abstract in a secondary winding source, Periodical (hard copy), Periodical (electronic), Non-periodical (Book), Non-periodical (chapter in a book), Proceeding of meetings or symposia, Doctoral talks (including abstracts), Unpublished work, Audio-Visuals, Newspaper, Government documents, and Electronic Media. Instructions for Writing the Scope and Context 1. As you write this, discuss what is and is not included. Regarding the topic or problem area, discuss what is and is not included in terms of concepts/theories, applications to different populations and settings. 1. Identify the forms (not types) of publications that are included. You dont need to name specific articles, but identify the forms of literature to be included. 2. Identify the discipline(s) you are focal point in (e. g. , education, health, business, criminal justice, accounting system, sociology)?Included specialized areas within these disciplines, such as gender theories in sociology, accounting ethics, special education for specified populations, urban violence, etc. 3. Identify the scope in terms of the geezerhood (period of time) that your literature review covers and exclusions. 5. Discuss whether you are limiting your review to U. S. literature, and/or Global literature. For global literature, identify the countries. If seminal books are emphasized, include the titles. Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature expands).Library Research Plan and Strategy Lecture THIS IS THE PLAN, NOT THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The review is presented in the second major section (Review of the Literature) Searching the Literature A goo d review of the literature is dependent upon knowledge of the use of indexes and abstracts, the ability to conduct exhaustive bibliographic searches, and ability to organize the collected entropy meaningfully. study literacy skills assist with information seeking and retrieval methods and scholarly communication. Recognize scholarly and peer reviewed journals (See Week 1 Lecture)The e-Learning tutorials about Lynn Library can assist research students with the development of literature reviews using electronic databases, abstracts, bibliographic software, Internet searching, Library catalogue searching, subject resources, off-campus searching, and research and writing skills. You need to complete the tutorials. Library Research Plan/Strategy In reporting your library plan/strategy, identify concepts, themes (key words) or descriptors and search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Be consistent with the Literature map concepts and themes.Focus your search on primary scholarly works including empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry. Recognize the differences between these types of scholarly inquiry. Review speaking abstracts. Did you do a Lynn Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn)? Did you search selected journals? Did you limit the search to peer-review journals? Did you limit the search to certain years? If you are having difficulty in your library search, you may cook an appointment with the Reference Librarian who may assist in building effective search strategies.When tour the Library, you should come prepared with your search words. Requesting Materials It is suggested that you read the abstracts before requesting the materials from the Librarian, because certain abstracts may provide enough information to help you mold a decision on the materials relevance. Expect that you will pose more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature, that is of value and relevant.While many published review articles may have more than ampere-second cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 relevant, scholarly recognitions in the text of your paper. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Dont use references from jawing firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. Types and Forms of Literature Minimum Requirements i. The preference is that you review a grade of types and forms of literature so that you many learn to ii.Search for and evaluate different types and forms information iii. Integrate a signifier of types information in the text of your paper iv. Recognize classic (seminal) works as well as current literature Give yourself time to read the material do not make a library request for everything at once. Readings Search Strategy worksheet http//library. humboldt. edu/ infoservices/sstrawrksht. htm http//www. noodletools. com/debbie/literacies/information/5locate/adviceengine. html http//www. lynn. du/clientuploads/Library/Graduatestudentsmanual. doc 11 Instructions for Writing the Library Research Plan and Strategy In a Review, a discussion of the plan or strategy you used to develop your literature search is presented. Dont discuss what you will do, but rather what you did. 1. Identify the descriptors (concepts, themes, theories, phrases/key words) used to search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Include themes or groups of words used in the search plan. loan the terms theory or research to your themes when you are searching.You should uses many themes to limit the search. Example of a theme for a library search leadership organizational performance research. Try to include several themes. 2. Report databases used in your library search. 3. call for which of the following types of primary scholarly works were reviewed empiri cal, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry (aim to obtain all of these)? 4. Were secondary citations of references used in your paper? Explain Why? Review APA p. 247 to understand a secondary citation of a source. Remember that these need to be limited.In your dissertation, you need to mostly use primary sources of literature. Remember that if you report literature from secondary sources in your paper use (as cited in __). 5. Explain if you reviewed dissertation abstracts (yes/no). If so, on what topics, which abstracts? You should use these. 6. Explain if you did a Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn or where? ) Yes/ or no 7. Provide the titles of the key journals reviewed. (Put these titles in Italics). 8. Indicated whether or not you limited the search to peer-reviewed journals? . Indicate if you limited the search to certain years? If so, which years? 10. Refer the reader to the example of a library Search Print-out that you will place in Appendix A. 11. Report any problems encountered in your library search and how these problems were managed. Refine this part with each new draft. Interest, significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis Lecture In this live part of the introduction to the literature review, you explain the importance and significance of the Review that will follow.As you read more, you will find more rationale as to why this review is important. Provide a musical passage sentence from this Introduction to the Review of the Literature. Then end with a statement that explains how the Review will conclude in the Discussion section. Example of concluding statement As an emerging method of instructional delivery in higher education, and one that continually evolves with the growth in technology, it is important to understand its impact on learning, retention, instruction, and students.This critical analysis of the literature concludes with a summary and interpretation of theoretical, empirical, and method ological literature, conclusions, and recommendations for future scholarly inquiry into web-based instruction in distance education. 4 Instructions for Writing the Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis 1. Discuss if the topic is of limited interest, regional, national, or perhaps of global interest? Explain why? You can include personal interest based on experience and potential applications. 2.Describe why it is worth studying (or examining)? 3. Indicate that the presentation of the Review of the Literature follows 4. Develop a concluding statement (see example above, in lecture) to the effect that a synopsis and interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are presented at the end of the review in the discussion section. Refine this part with each new draft. Review of the Literature About ___ (add your topic) Lecture This is the second major part of this critical analysis. This has a long lecture. Now is the time to write your in-depth Literature Rev iew.You laid the foundations for this section in the Introduction to the Review, to organize your review according to those themes. represent the theoretical literature (theories, model, constructs, concepts) about those themes, and empirical literature (studies) regarding those themes, in a proper manner. Follow the instructions (see presenting theoretical literature, and presenting empirical literature) in this Review of the Literature section. If you present the literature appropriately in this body of the review, then you will have information to present in the Discussion of the Literature. If you dont, this Review falls apart.Only literature presented in this Review of the Literature can be analyzed in the next section, Discussion of the Literature. You will save a stitch in time, if you follow instructions and learn how to present theories, and how to present studies, including the pens stated limitations and recommendations for future inquiry, in addition to your recapitul ation of those studies. ecumenical comments The theoretical and empirical literature is summarized, analyzed, evaluated, and synthesized in a more in-depth coherent manner within organized headings and sublevel headings. Specifically, information ertaining to theoretical, empirical, methodological, critical review, and case studies about the topic is reported. As reported previously, expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature to present, that is of value and relevant. While many published Review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 relevant, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. This will increase to 50 references in the qualifying paper.It certainly isnt unusual to have over 100 references in a dissertation. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is w hat counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. As you present literature in your word document, it is okay to talk to yourself. Make notes in the document to your self. You can use different font colors or highlights for these messages to yourself. o Perhaps you want to break a message to yourself to review a particular article that you didnt yet have the retrieve to review, or o you want to search some other theme. Or you read an article, but didnt have a chance yet to write about it jot down notes o Use the word file as a tool where you keep all information in one place. You will find this technique very helpful in developing the qualifying paper, and in developing the your dissertation. The instructor does not mind (and in fact encourages you do to this, even in final copies0. Just make the messages neat and not to distracting) Of utmost importance, is that you present your review appropriately. Practice doing it correctly immediately or you will be WASTING time (having to redo it later). Your review must be organized within the headings/sublevel headings. bring in the outline developed in the Introduction to the Review. Make sure that the outline is consistent with the organization of themes, concepts add theories in your literature map. It is ok if you reorganize or rename the themes, but make the changes if the Organization of the R (and literature map, in the prior section). You want the Introduction to the Review, Review of the Literature, and the Discussion section all to be interior(a)ly consistent with one another. Instructions follow on how to present CRITICALLY present, theoretical and empirical literature.FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS. Quotations and Paraphrasing and Critical Analysis This is a literature review, and not your opinion. Almost all of what you say is referenced, except when you are introducing themes and concepts, and critiquing the theoretical or empirical literature (using appropriate criteria which is explained later Reminder Make sure that you stupefy to ethical responsibilities of providing accurate information and communicate effectively. Include repeat marks for information that is word for word from another literature source follow APA for (Author, year, p. x). For information that is paraphrased, reference the source as (Author, year). Whether you are referencing a quote or paraphrased information, NOTE THE LOCATION OF THE PERIOD. IT IS NOT BEFORE THE PARENTHESES BUT AFTER. Do not copy any material that is word for word or paraphrase without citing sources. Limit your quotations. We do not want a summary or copy of the literature. You cannot present a string of quotes. (Quote after quote after quote). substantial If you paraphrase as you write (it must truly be paraphrasing), cite the ( compose(s), year. A good way to make sure that you paraphrase is to Read material Move the material onwar d from your eyesight Write out what you recall. Note Paraphrasing is not changing the order of words. Review the Required Information Literacy Tutorial which discusses piracy. Review the following URLs about Plagiarism, Student Writing, Citing Sources, and Paraphrasing (IMPORTANT to Review) Plagiarism and Student Writing Paraphrasing, citing sources, use of quotations, plagiarism http//www. ipl. org/div/aplus/linkciting. htm http//depts. washington. edu/psywc/handouts/pdf/plag1. pdf http//www. hamilton. du/academics/resource/wc/usingsources. html REFERENCE list and BIBLIOGRAPHY list o Add the complete bibliographic citation of the article you reviewed to your REFERENCE list in appropriate APA format. Dont wait until the end when the report is due. This is often one of the worst problems, trying to find references. o REFERENCE list This contains all literature referenced in your paper. o BIBLIOGRAPHY list This contains all literature reviewed, but NOT referenced in your paper. o If you review literature, but dont reference it immediately in your paper, place it on your BIBLIOGRAPHY.If you eventually reference in your paper, all you need to do is to cut and paste from the BIBLIOGRAPHY list, to the REFERENCE list. o Literature reviewed is placed on either the REFERENCE or the BIBLIOGRAPHY list, NOT BOTH Organization of the Review of the Literature There are no sublevel headings given to you in the template. The concepts and themes in your literature map AND THE OUTLINE serve as the basis to organize this section. BE CONSISTENT. Insert for draft 1. o Use your literature map and evolving outline to organize these sublevel headings (subtitles) of the literature review.Remember that the concepts and themes in your literature map are theoretical in nature. Thus, in developing the Review, present the concepts and themes conceptually first followed by empirical studies that allow or do not support the theoretical formulations. (see guidelines that follow for p resenting theoretical and empirical literature) o Follow the organization that you described. If you alter the organization, concepts and themes in this part of the review, go back to the introduction and make the corresponding changes (in the introduction organization, map, and outline). APA Organize in a logical, meaningful and bully manner. Use frequent APA level subheadings to connect main ideas and topics covered in a logical sequence (see APA publication manual for examples, pp. 111-113). The main ideas are concepts and sub-concepts in your literature map. The template for this paper uses five levels of headings (depicted on APA p. 113). The rationale for five level headings is that you may continue with this Review as your qualifying paper and but more importantly, it may become part of the Second Chapter of a Dissertation (REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE). See p. 13 of APA first of all Idea, stem turn, or Topic (Second direct APA heading, centered italics) First Subconcept or Theme cerebrate to First Idea and Topic (Third Level APA, Left Italics) Related Subconcept or theme (Fourth Level APA, indent ? inch, italics, lower case, end with period). Related Subconcept or theme. Second Subconcept or Theme Related to First Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) Second Idea and Topic First Subconcept or Theme Related to Second Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) Second Subconcept or Theme Related to Second Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) An example follows (next page)Example to organize the review for the topic the influence of organizational leadership on organizational performance (organized with appropriate APA level headings), and which follow the topical outline presented in the organization of the review (see Introduction to the Literature). Note there are 4 major themes (centered, italics) to organize this review. In the presentation of the literature review, the first two themes (Leadership and Organizational Performance) would contain rich theory. Who develo ped the theories, when? how are the concepts in the theories defined?What are the propositions in the theories (statements of relationships), and have propositions in the theories been tested in empirical studies. (See presentation of theoretical literature and internal and external criticism) The second two themes Factors Influencing Organizational Performance and Leadership and Performance of Organizations would primarily focus on empirical studies that test the propositions in theories. (See presentation of empirical literature Leadership Classical, Progressive, Risk Leadership Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders Leadership, Power and Influence Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership PracticeCultural Issues and Leadership Developing Teams Leading Organizational Change Organizational Leadership Development Strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement Organizational Performance Dimensions of Organizational Performance Organizational climate. Individual performance. Team performance. Supplier/vendor perspectives. Customer satisfaction. Financial performance. Effectiveness indicators. Performance Driven Organizations Competency modeling. Managing performance. 360 degree feedback. Collaborative change. Organizational Performance Measurement Output (activities) measures in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations.Output (activities) measures in service and product organizations. Outcome (results) measures in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Outcome (results) measures in service and product organizations. Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational culture, and Organizational effectiveness IMPORTANT Presenting theoretical literature and empirical literature following these guidelines.THIS IS AN ABSOLUTE MU ST to understand and apply general Comments Literature reported in the Introduction of this critical analysis (should be very little), but whatever LITERATURE DISCUSSED IN THE INTRODUCTION must also be discussed here in the Review of the Literature in depth, and linked with the appropriate concept (subtitle). Present clearly to let the reader know if you are presenting a theory about something (theoretical literature) or a study about something (empirical literature, empirical study, research study). When you dont use the term study about, it is generally assumed that you are speaking of souls theory. The critical analysis review distinguishes between an authors theorizing or suggesting (authors interpretations) versus authors research findings (testing theories). Always introduce the type of literature you are reporting such as theoretical literature, empirical literature. For empirical literature, specify the type of study. This information is usually found in the abstract of the article. For empirical literature introduce as i. Empirical Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed ii. Empirical Methodological iii. Empirical experimental, non-experimental case study, historical, etc. v. Empirical Descriptive, exploratory, predictive, explanatory, Reporting Theoretical Literature (IMPORTANT) Kerlinger (1973) presented a helpful definition of a theory that has withstood time. A theory is a set of interconnected constructs (concepts, definitions and propositions) that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among the variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena. Immanuel Kant provided this famous quote Experience without theory is blind but theory without experience is mere intellectual play http//www. oop. uvic. ca/ArwrCoop/stuprepoverheads/1_Orientation/tsld003. htm Criteria that can be used to evaluate theories including theoretical frameworks, conceptual models or conceptual frameworks may be organized into intern al and external criticism. a. national Criticism (of theories) 1. Semantics (Meaning or definition given to the elements such as concepts, constructs, variables) Semantics evaluates Clarity, Consistency, Correspondence between theoretical and operational definitions, and intersubjectivity (which is whether similar meanings are used by other scholars). . Syntax (Logical Structure and Relationships Between the Elements) 1. What are the types of statements (propositions)? laws, postulates, theorems, principles, hypotheses, assumptions, empirical generalizations 2. What are the types of relationships time ordered, probabilities, conditional, causal, or concurrent? 3. What are the signs of the relationships? position inverse (negative) 4. Note It is the propositions that are tested in theories, reformulated as hypotheses. 3.Method of Theory Development (What is the method used in theory building 1. origination (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) tax write-off Synthesis Logical empirical approach) 2. Patterns Is there a schematic model word-painting the relationships between the concepts? If not, can you diagram the pattern of relationships between the key concepts? 3. Level of theory development What kinds of outcomes are produced from the theory (knowledge, principles, solutions, problems)? a.Conceptual framework (definitions only), model (shows relationships between the concepts), and/or a theory (well developed propositions, well linked together, with evidence of empirical support? ) b. Is it Descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, predictive, prescriptive b. External Criticism of a Theory 1. affectionate Significance 1. Value to society theory addresses essential issues in the discipline 2. Lends itself to further research 3. Efficacy of the theory over another in achieving desired outcomes 2. Social Utility 1.Pragmatic Adequacy Is it useful? Does it contribute to pinch? Does it generate new knowledge, p rovide direction to in professional practice, research, education (pertinent to your topic)? 2. Scope Is it narrow or broad? What is the degree of generality or abstractness and how does this affect is usefulness (pertinent to your topic)? 3. Complexity/Parsimony 1. Does it explanation and interrelated many variables? 2. Could a simpler theory achieve the same purpose (parsimonious)? 4. Discrimination 1. Can the theory be applied to more than one discipline, or is it unique to one discipline? . If it is borrowed from another discipline, are saltation lines demarcated? (example a variety of disciplines use systems theory) 5. Empirical Validity 1. Does empirical evidence support the theory? pay heed some studies. (Is there congruence between theoretical claims and empirical evidence? ) 2. Do results depute confirmation, verification, support corroboration, or disconfirmation, failure to support the theory? 6. Social Congruence 1. Does the theory fit with reality? 2. Is it authenti c by society? a.When you are reporting theoretical literature, select criteria from the internal and external critical approaches to adequately address your description. Present theories systematically YOU MUST DO THIS FOR ALL THEORETICAL LITERATURE. 1. First provide a good description of what the author stated about the theory, model, framework, construct or concept. Example 1. Introduce the title of the book(s) or theoretical article(s) in your own words which describes the theory (not studies). Next 2. Begin with the internal critical analysis a.Report the major concepts and constructs and how these are defined by the author (Semantics) b. Present how the author relates the concepts to one another (Syntax). These are propositions. c. Does the author explain how was the theory developed Induction (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) Deduction Synthesis Logical empirical approach) d. Explain how patterns of relationships between the con cepts are explained Is there a schematic/visual model depicting the relationships between the concepts? . Secondly, report what the theorist (or other authors) stated about the External critical review Social Significance (important), Complexity/Parsimony-simple, Discrimination, Empirical Validity (important) and Social Congruence. It is extremely important that you indicate what the author said about empirical validity Do they report empirical studies to support the theoretical explanations? When presenting classic or recent theories pertinent to your topic, you may certainly describe the theory, but also describe the work done to test those theories. 2.Finally, you may provide your critique comments to the above ie what needs to be strengthened in the theory? Determine if you can succinctly identify key strengths and limitations, and perhaps areas that can be improved? Can you see the linkages between the theory, practice, and research? Does this help to understand a somewhat c ommon student question How do we use these models and theories in practice? Provide a equilibrate appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major theories) so that readers have enough information to draw their own conclusions.Reporting Empirical Studies (Critical ) Review the Instructions (you should be familiar with the information based on your critique consult the worksheets for questions) Reporting methodological studies, you may follow the empirical approach. But focus on the method being proposed what method is being targeted? Is it a design? A different sampling approach? Is it a method to measure concepts? Introduce the study title (in your own words), the purpose, and present as above. Reporting Case studies may include use of prior data, or secondary analysis of data for a new study.It may also include a wholeness subject or single organization if a case study. You may follow the above empirical approach is presenting but be quite clear in presenting whether the authors are using someone elses data or their own or a single subject or organizational design. Reporting Review Articles (Critical Analysis of the Literature, or Meta-analysis). First Describe what the author said Introduce the title (in your own words). Describe the purpose of the review and its scope, including the library research plan used to obtain the literature.What sources of information were used (literature, observations)? Present the results, conclusions and future areas of inquiry needed (example future studies) as reported by the author. Secondly, discuss your critique of the article. Note Meta-Analyses conduct statistical analysis of other studies (analysis of analyses) General Pointers Important Note It is so critical for you to get in the habit, very early on in this process, of presenting theoretical and empirical literature appropriately and systematically.If you do, you will find it easy to develop a square-toed state of the art of the literature, formulat e interpretations, identify important gaps, develop conclusions, and generate recommendations for future study (which is presented in the Discussion section of this report). That is your path toward successfully completing this course, moving on toward a successful qualifying paper (whether or not you stay with the topic), and disposition the dissertation. If you dont present the literature systematically and appropriately, the review falls apart and cant be completed. So, plan ahead, follow directions, and you will find your path to success Generally, related articles and research findings should be presented together (under the appropriate sublevel heading). o Report areas of discernment and disagreement. o Only a little space should be used to report minor studies. As possible, group together minor studies that have similar results, methodologies, strengths and/or weaknesses. Major empirical studies or seminal writings (theories). It is appropriate to present major studies or seminal writings individually in more detail. As you write, you will need to integrate and synthesize the results in some logical manner. You dont need to report everything that you read When reading and evaluating the research studies for possible inclusion in your review, determine the relevance, worth and significance of studies to your topic. While you initially identified some topic, theme, or point that you wanted to develop, you may find that a new or different theme is evolving not initially considered. This may be a reformulation of your topic. If you have questions if this arises, contact the instructor. The review should contain fairly recent work (post 1995, and preferably 2000+). While older information can be relevant, the review should aim to provide current knowledge (a state of the art review). Remember you need to have the most recent literature if it is to be state of the art. o You will find that there are classic studies or theoretical papers repetitively cit ed in the literature. These are the classic (or seminal) examples of literature in the field. While you would certainly want to refer to these in your review, it would be redundantand probably irrelevantfor you to review them. It is generally permissible to use secondary sources for some Seminal Literature.Remember that if you do not read the original (primary source) article/theory, but rather you are reporting what someone else says, it is found in a secondary source (use appropriate APA referencing format, as cited in). There should be a limited number of secondary sources in your report. As you write the Review, you will see that you are generating ideas for the Discussion section- next part (Interpretations, Conclusions and Recommendations). You can jump to the Discussion as you have further understanding the literature. Do it concurrently while writing this part. You will see that you are summarizing, analyzing, critiquing and relating each literature sources logically to a concept or theme related to the area of inquiry. You are finding a meaningful way to organize the review. You are organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature and preparing to generate your discussion of conclusions and recommendations A good review of the literature is more than simply a summary of the research. It is both a critical evaluation of the live research and a synthesis of that work. You will need to synthesize the literature in some logical manner. This is a skill that develops with practice.As you write things down, review it to see if you are integrating, evaluating, and synthesizing. Are you identifying opposing views, contradictory findings, and gaps in the literature (what questions are being suggested)? Are you bringing clarity to the issues? These will be clearly presented in the Discussion of the analysis, so lay the foundation in this part of the review. You will see that you are summarizing, but also analyzing, critiquing and relating each litera ture sources logically to a concept or theme related to the area of inquiry. You are finding a meaningful way to organize the review.You are organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature 5 big Instructions on Writing the Review of the Literature About 1. Organization (APA and Level Headings for the Outline) a. Add the topic to the title of this section, Review of the LiteratureAbout b. Organize the Review of the Literature according to your literature map and topical outline. Use APA level headings to organize the review in a logical, meaningful and orderly manner. c. Present related theoretical literature and research findings together. d. Organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature needs to be extremely evident . The first draft (week 3), at the minimum should contain 1a and b above, and some literature presented as possible. Draft 2 should have this part of the paper nearly complete. 1. Content and Quality of Theoretical Literature IMPORTANT Present the the oretical literature systematically and appropriately. Follow these steps responding to a-d a. Introduce the name or title of the theory, model, framework, construct. Do this for each major theory, construct, or concept in your topical outline (sublevel headings). b. Internal critical analysis (what the author(s) say) 1.For each theory, name the major concepts and constructs that organize the theory, and provide the definitions by the author (Semantics) 2. Present how the author relates the concepts to one another (Syntax). These are propositions. 3. Report if the author of the theory provides a schematic/visual model depicting the relationships between the concepts. 4. Optional How does the author explain the way the theory developed Induction (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) Deduction Synthesis Logical empirical approach c.External critical analysis report what the theorist (or other authors) state about theory Review Lecture notes on these items 1. Social Significance (importance) 2. Social Utility 3. Complexity/Parsimony 4. Discrimination 5. Empirical Validity (Do the author(s) report empirical studies to support the theoretical explanations) 6. Social Congruence d. Provide Your critique comments to the above What needs to be strengthened in the theory? Determine if you can succinctly identify key strengths and limitations, and perhaps areas that can be improved?How are linkages between the theory, practice, and research described in the literature? Does this help to understand a fairly common student question How do we use these models and theories in practice? Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major theories) so that readers have enough information to draw their own conclusions about the quality of the theory. INSTRUCTIONS ALSO CONTINUED NEXT PAGE Example unite 2a, b, c and d (presenting theoretical literature)In 1984, Jones introduced his seminal theory of _________ _____ (based on his qualitative, phenomenological studies about___ (as cited in Smith, 2004). This theory identifies 3 major constructs ____________ defined as ___. The major propositions in this theory are ________ (as cited in Smith, 2004). In the last 20 years, the theory has been revised and altered to ___ by ____. Several empirical studies by ___, led to niceness in the theory. Brown (2000) developed a schematic model depicting these direct and indirect relationships among concepts, which continues to be examined today (Smith, 2004).This theory is socially significant addressing essential issues about ___ in the discipline of ___, and is useful in explaining, predicting, and discriminating among those with ___ and those without ___. Thus it is a well-developed guide to ___. The theory has a good balance between easiness and complexity, contributing to its usefulness. Studies by __ verify the propositions of __. The major proposition with meshing results in empirical studies is ___. The theory has been adapted to ___ situations and __ populations. This is the predominant theory used to examine ____ with well-developed propositions and strong empirical support.Competing theories are ___ (cite reference). You would then present these competing theories next.. 3. Content and Quality of Empirical Literature IMPORTANT Presents the empirical literature (including scientific investigations, case studies, methodological studies, secondary analyses, meta-analyses) systematically and appropriately, following these guidelines )) a. Introduce the study title (paraphrased in your own words and the general design (in one sentence) b. Explain the purpose of the study is .And link with paraphrased research questions and hypotheses (these can be abbreviated or paraphrased not word for word be brief) c. Discuss the quality of the literature review presented by the author and the theories and concepts (or propositions) tested (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed and ex perimental, or not experimental design) d. Be explicit in reporting the specific research design for the qualitative, quantitative, or mixed study) and o Non-Experimental descriptive, exploratory (cross-sectional, longitudinal, predictive, etc) o Type of Experimental including type of design. . Describe the sampling method (whether or not it was probability or non-probability sampling), the specific type of sampling, the sample size and characteristics of the sample. f. Present the methods of data collection (how were each of the variables are measured-instrumentation), and provide reports of reliability and validity of quantitative the tools/measures and trustworthiness of qualitative tools. This is very important, as you will begin to see how the concepts of interest, are measured. Be fairly explicit in describing these tools. Include the names of these data collection tools. g.Other procedures (data collection procedures and ethical considerations) h. Present the results study findings (including hypotheses supported/not-supported), research questions answered? Dont restate these word for word present in an abbreviated or paraphrased manner. i. Very important is to present the authors (not your) Discussion. The discussion must include the authors important o Interpretations o Implications (applications for practice) o Conclusions o Limitations o Recommendations (of utmost importance, are the authors recommendations for future areas of inquiry, example future studies).Include this j. Discuss your critique of the article (Introduction, Literature/Theory, Methods, Results, Discussion). Select IMPORTANT POINTS. Based on your summarizing the article, you can now identify strengths and weakness, and areas needing improvement. You can do this as you describe the study or at the end of your description of the study. Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major studies) so that readers have enough information to weigh the results a nd draw their own Remember that the critical analysis of the literature is not a mere summary (descriptive). onclusions. It is interpretative and evaluative of an area of inquiry of scholarly work. INSTRUCTIONS CONTINUED Example follows USE YOUR CRITIQUE WORKSHEETS AS AN AID IN DEVELOPING THE PRESENTATION FOR EACH OF THE STUDIES. Example Presenting Empirical Literature Combining 3a -j above Smith (2004) conducted a study about .. He used a non-experimental, causal comparative, quantitative design, of __ (sample-population). Smiths literature review was thorough, current and ___ in comparing and contrasting theories about ____.Empirical studies of ___ were examined, leading to the major gap and conflict in the literature about_________. This resulted in Smiths study testing the proposition of .. developed in 1998 by Jones (as cited in Smith, 2004). A non-prob