Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts

Guide folds for Writing the three major(ip) air divisions of the writings check up on inventionicle (Introduction, literary works, and talk aboution) follow. Directions Do non gravel typing until you see the level heading An Overview and Purpose in your templet. The Guidelines argon arised by LECTURES and INSTRUCTIONS. Lectures and colligate accepting material atomic number 18 let ind to assist in ontogenesis to apiece one p artistry of the Review. Where on that point is to be writing, there atomic number 18 specific instruction manual as what is to be accommodated under each heading. Instructions appear in a box. Each give instructionion is numbered. Respond to ALL NUMBERED INSTRUCTIONS.Introduction to the publications preface Your Brief Topic before the Colon An Overview and Purpose Lecture Note This section is revised with each new submission of a gulp. The introductory section should mention out the yield ( caper battleground, guiding concept, them e or re see question or problem) that is being revaluationed. Aim for an eye contracting opening sentence. both(prenominal)times this is a dramatic fetchion of a number to catch the readers attention such as the prevalence of a disease, crime rate, school drop out rate, or sales volume. Be sure the bailiwick is foc occasiond on the literary productions that get out be distinguished.Briefly define the key concepts. re look these immediately. The topic should be equally focused to permit an in-depth, substantial investigation, relevant to an bea of advanced theatre of operations/global leadership that guides a range of head, results in an extensive depend of donnish lit, and generation of questions for upgrade interrogatory. The resolve of a literary works review is sacrificeed in the introduction. Bourner (1996) reports the chase Purposes of a publications review (reasons for a review of the literary works) before embarking on a re anticipate depict.The se reasons include to position gaps in the lit to vacate reinventing the wheel (at the very least this go out save time and it asshole stop you from making the identical mistakes as others) to carry on from where others shit already reached (reviewing the field allows you to build on the plat contour of animate acquaintance and ideas) to get joint other people working in the same fields (a researcher interlocking is a valuable resource) to increase your breadth of hunch forwardledge of your subject atomic number 18a to bring up germinal flora in your field of honor to provide the intellectual context for your avow work, enabling you to position your project congener to other work to identify opposing views to put your work into perspective to demonstrate that you advise glide path previous work in an atomic number 18a to identify education and ideas that may be relevant to your project to identify methods that could be relevant to your project B ourner, T. (1996). The research touch Four steps to success in T. Greenfield (Ed. ), Research methods Guidance for postgraduates (pp. 7-11). London Arnold. Retrieved 8-13-02 from Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology RMIT University http//www. ib. rmit. edu. au/tutorials/ writings/litrev. hypertext mark-up language As you attempt to define concepts (variables) and their relationships to other variables, if applicable, identify causal (in qualified) variables and cause (dependent variables). You may likewise identify other variables that potty be contextual, intervening, or mediating (see Creswell, pp. 94-95 or other texts). After you introduce the topic field of operations properly (instructions follow), you bequeathing pose a succinct one-sentence lay out of the review. Three suits of a concluding purpose statement in the overview are vitrine 1 The purpose of this review is to censoriously analyze the supposed and confirmable literary productions on web-based ins truction as an instructional method in distance education, with an vehemence on speciality studies that focus on instructional causeiveness, student learning outcomes, retention, student perceptions of this method of bloodline sales talk, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is instructional method of web-based instruction and the effects (dependent variable) are instructional effectiveness, student learning outcomes, retention, and student perceptions.Example 2 The purpose of this minute depth psychology of upriseive and trial-and-error publications is to (a) examine historical and current publications to evaluate whether gender workplace deviate exists (b) explore the impact such a bias would have on women in the workplace, specifically women pathetic up the corporate l supplementer and, (c) identify any notional or empirical gaps in the literature for the purpose of suggesting future areas of scholarl y inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is gender bias against women in the workplace and the effect (dependent variable) is mobility up the corporate ladder.Example 3 (Review carefully) The purpose of this life-sustaining analysis of theoretical and empirical literature is explore the influence of organizational leadership and other factors on organizational performance, in for-profit and not-for profit attend organizations, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variables (independent) are organizational leadership and other factors, contextual (intervening or mediating) variables are the eccentric person of organization (product versus service) and profit/non-profit, and the effect (dependent variable) is organizational performance.Please note in developing your purpose statement, that the purpose statement begins with The purpose of . and come togethers with a statement related to identifying future areas of schol arly inquiry. 9 Instructions Writing An Overview and Purpose (Follow precisely) *Review blackboard fabrication 5. routine your information and faculty comments for strengthening, as a guide to develop your Overview and Purpose (see items 1-9 below). *Draft 1 is due hebdomad 3. Review Forum 6. You will get a great start if you develop this well. 1. Using the template a. Develop a preliminary title of respect for the Review and include on the title page.The title should include the main concepts and themes (and/or key theories) for this review. believe this is a slender analysis of the literature NOT a research weigh In no area of this paper, should you refer to this Review of publications as a research think b. For the Introduction to the Literature, insert a brief subtitle preceding the colon for the level heading ___ Overview and Purpose. 2. chthonic the Overview and Purpose, introduce the paper with an eye catching opening sentence for the first paragraph. 3. After the e ye catching opening sentence, briefly draw in the topic (problem area, guiding concept, theme).Get to the point dont let the reader guess what the review is about a few sentences. 4. Next include brief definitions of each of the major concepts and cite references for these definitions in catch APA format. BE BRIEF this is not the literature entirely an introduction to it Anything you present in the introduction is developed in depth in the Review of the Literature. 5. Next, very briefly, attempt to identify how the literature explains these variables and their relationships to other variables. Include as many as possible variables because this will help in constructing a literature map.The map will show relationships between the variables as you describe here. bring forth with the pursuance The causal variables (independent are) The effects (dependent/outcome variables are Contextual (intervening or mediating) variables that further impact the dependent or outcome variable s are . 6. Discuss how the topic area was identified and your reasons (point of view) for selecting the topic area to conduct your critical analysis of the literature. Review the Guidelines How to Start deal a Topic and Overview and Purpose, including purposes identified by Bourner (1996).Begin with the following The topic area of ____ was selected because___. 7. formulate what you want to know about the topic. Review Hart, 1999, p. 14 (Questions the Review Can Answer). Begin with the following some(prenominal) questions to be answered through and through this critical analysis of the literature are 8. Answer the following Is the topic about the problems in a afflict or field of study, the processes in a discipline or field of study, or the practices in a discipline or field of study? Processes ordure refer to various epistemologic processes to develop knowledge (also discover Hart, 1999, p. 4). Introduce this intelligibly so the reader knows what you are speaking about. Beg in with the following The problem area of is about 9. Conclude the Overview and Purpose with a clearly formulated statement of purpose of the literature review. Use the examples in the guidelines, as a guide to develop this. pay back this clear (see examples in the previous lecture note). Begin with the following and include the ending The purpose of this .. , and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. Organization of the Review, Scope, and subroutine program library Research PlanOrganization of the Review Lecture Collect appropriate articles, read critically, identify concepts, theories, and themes, and think about the best way to present your topic. Write these concepts, theories, and themes down (see your Blackboard forum 5 submission and instructor response. Develop a Literature part. This is a electrical capacity function (Concept Map or Mind Map) All students will have a literature map that will guide the organization of the review and literature search. Build ( throw away) a optic picture of the concepts and their relationships, which results in a literature map.These evolve from your topic, key concepts, ideas, theme, and/or purpose. Dont introduce new information or concepts. It should first be introduced in the overview. The literature map is presented in-depth here. There are many methods to organize the review, which frequently change as you learn more than about the topic. Concept Mapping Representing information in draw form where key banters are joined by lines. These lines are then labeled to express the relationship between the basis. The resulting map shows links between key ideas and freighter then be read through to clarify relationships between key terms. . Definition and Purpose of a Literature Map. This map is a optic/graphic re exhibit of concepts, ideas, and themes that serve to guide thinking. In this show shimmy, the purpose is to guide the search and organizational presentation of your review. This map ser ves to i. Develop ideas for your review ii. Show relationships and interrelationships between the concepts, theories, and themes and if so, what type of relationships iii. Assist in organizing old knowledge and integrating it with new knowledge iv. Guide your literature search intend/strategy v. site subtitles (subheadings) to organize your literature review so that you can communicate your ideas systematically. vi. A literature/content map is a creative, intuitive, and chaste endeavor to see how things fit to generate substitutenatives. It is also analytical and critical, based on what you are determination in the literature. REVIEW THESE LINKS A simplified explanation of get wording of a Content map is described in the following URL web link http//users. edte. utwente. nl/lanzing/cm_home. htm b. Various types of Graphic or optic Organizers (review this online.Click each box) (you need to have the syllabus downloaded and Internet connection on) Chain of Events Clustering Compare/ secernate Continuum Cycle Family Tree Fishbone Interaction Outline Problem/Solution Spider Storyboard Venn Diagram Source http//www. sdcoe. k12. ca. us/score/actbank/sorganiz. htm Other Web sites Graphic or Visual Organizers Graphic or Visual Organizers A good site review this online by clicking link. ttp//edservices. aea7. k12. ia. us/edtech/classroom/workshops/organizers. html http//www. cast. org/ncac/index. cfm? i=3015 http//www. veale. com. au/phd/files/Lit_Map. pdf Some diagrams of content maps are depicted in the following URL web link http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/research/epp2/epp2. htmTable1 bare Mind Mapping Software (Smart Draw) http//www. smartdraw. com/specials/mindmapping. asp? id=13054 Readings on Mapping persuasions See Hart, 1999, pp. 142-162 Blackboards Assignments Toolbar See example of literature maps in Assignments Weeks 1-8 Literature Review (Critical Analysis) 50%.Within this f elderly is information on PowerPoint exhibit and Student Ex amples. Most of the student examples include literature maps for RES 702 (RES600) students. Organizing the review of the literature by themes, theories, or major concepts and related concepts provides a frame for the central topic to organize. In this case, you may proceed inductively or deductively. http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/kb/dedind. htm Exercise in Deductive/Inductive thinking http//www2. sjsu. edu/depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded. html3bFor example, a deductive approach might start with the broader view or concept(s) then move to the specific topic area. Example FOLLOWS A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature about distance learning. The map shows a deductive pattern of the major themes, using an interaction line style type of graphic organizer. Beginning with the broadest concept of distance education, web-based instruction interacts with student characteristics, which leads to evaluation of effectivenes s of web-based instruction in distance education. . . Other concepts and their relationships to guide the review are . . . Other organisational Methodologies for Reviews fleck RES 702 students are asked to develop literature maps that serve to organize the review, with more scholarly realize and depending upon the topic, you could also present the Review using an opposing view or methodo analytic approach. This is not judge now. c. The literature map generates an outline for the Review of the Literature Review Why do an Outline, and Basic Outlining skills http//www. und. du/instruct/wstevens/PROPOSALCLASS/PATRAS. html http//www. mnstate. edu/wasson/ed603/ed603lesson5. htm An outline provides a blueprint, skeleton, or a roadmap for the final written review. An outline is an organizational process that is a logical description of the beta components of the literature review. It provides a ocular and abstract design for writing. 1. Identify the main points in the order they shou ld be presented. 2. Differentiate each main heading into logical subheadings. 3. Use further subdivisions if necessary.IT IS STRONGLY SUGGESTED THAT YOU INCLUDE A SECTION ON MEASUREMENT OF YOUR MAJOR VARIABLES. REPORT round OF THE MAJOR METHODS, TOOLS, OR INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN PRIOR STUDIES TO MEASURE THE KEY CONCEPTS IN YOUR delimit. circuit card in the outline that follows, a sub-level heading is measurement of leadership and organizational performance. In the Review of the Literature section, you would then describe the tools whether qualitative or quantitative, and reliability, asperity (quantitative tools), and trust chargeiness of qualitative tools. Run a Proquest or Google search such as measurement leadership.This saves you time in the QP and literature in the address where you need to know how your variables have been studied and measured. It is best to have MORE detail in these themes. You can always change later. Example of an Outline (Let us say that th e following concepts are present in the literature map which could be Chain of Events, Clustering, or Interaction Outline. This is an example of an outline (quite detailed). It includes the major concepts that can be used for the literature search, and the outline is placed in the 2nd part of this Review (Review of the Literature) to organize how to present the literature. leading Classical, Progressive, Risk leadership Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders Leadership, Power and Influence Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership Practice Cultural Issues and Leadership Developing groups Leading organizational Change organisational Leadership tuition Strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement Organizational work Dimensions of Organizational performance Organizational temper Individual work Team Performance Supplier/Vendor Perspectives Customer gaiety Financial Performance springization Indicators Performance Driven Organizations Competency ModelingManaging Performance 360 Degree Feedback Collaborative Change Organizational Performance Measurement Output (Activities) and Outcome (Results) Measures Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Effectiveness 7 Instructions for Writing the Organization of the Review Do not present literature that you reviewed here. Just respond to questions 1-7. . After you design the literature map, begin with the statement A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature in this review about ___. 1. Next, describe the specific type of organizer that you used to design your map (for example, cluster, drawstring of events, cycle, etc). To do this, you need to review this syllabus on line, and click the different URL links of examples of opthalmic or graphic organizers (review preceding lecture which provides several types). 2. Identify the specific the concepts, theories, and themes that are in your literature map. 3.Next, briefly, describe the relationships between these concepts, theories and themes (such as what leads to what? Which are the causal, outcome and/or intervening variables? Are the concepts organized inductively or deductively? This all refers to the concepts, theories, and themes in your literature map. 4. Next explain that in addition to guiding the literature search, the literature map serves to identify themes, theories, and concepts that will organize the Literature Review. perplex these theories, concepts, and themes in outline form, differentiating each main heading into logical subheadings. (Keep it simple). . Due for draft 1, go to the next major section (Review of the Literature) insert these themes/concepts as level headings/sublevel headings in outli ne form. They serve to organize the Review of the Literature. Use appropriate APA (see p. 113 of APA) level headings. An example using APA level headings, is shown in the next major section of these guidelines. The concepts and themes for the example, uses the outline of themes previously talk abouted (leadership and organizational performance). 6. barge in the Figure 1, Literature Map at the end of this news of the Organization of the Review (before Scope and Context). . Make sure that you develop your literature map in a software application that can be copied and pasted into your Microsoft word put down containing your paper. b. Make sure the map is an appropriate size and fits within the call for paper margins. c. The Figure and , and Title (Literature Map) belong at the bottom, centered Figure 1 Literature Map Your goal is to have the map well-developed in draft 1 and finalized in (draft 2). It is expected that this map will change as you tighten and organize your literat ure review in the next section as well as well as in your do paper.Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature map evolves). Scope and Context Lecture This section lets the reader know what is and is not included in your literature review (scope). The topic is described in such a way that an appropriate context for the review of the literature is established, in a purposeful, logical way. The key terms here are included/excluded. You can restate the theories, concepts and constructs that you will include and obvious theories, concepts and constructs you wont include (Look at your problem and topic area).Identify what might be included in the search in terms of types of organizations (public/private for-profit, not for profit service/product types of businesses, types of educational institutions) populations such as new(a) versus old gender cultural groups countries or type of occupation. The major types of scholarly literature to review are empirical studies, review articles (critical analysis), theoretical articles/books, methodological articles, and case studies.These types of literature may be in the form of a book, hard copy journal articles, and electronic journal articles. The following are different types and forms of literature half-yearly Abstract in a unproblematic source, Abstract in a secondary winding source, Periodical (hard copy), Periodical (electronic), Non-periodical (Book), Non-periodical (chapter in a book), Proceeding of meetings or symposia, Doctoral talks (including abstracts), Unpublished work, Audio-Visuals, Newspaper, Government documents, and Electronic Media. Instructions for Writing the Scope and Context 1. As you write this, discuss what is and is not included. Regarding the topic or problem area, discuss what is and is not included in terms of concepts/theories, applications to different populations and settings. 1. Identify the forms (not types) of publications that are included. You dont need to name specific articles, but identify the forms of literature to be included. 2. Identify the discipline(s) you are focal point in (e. g. , education, health, business, criminal justice, accounting system, sociology)?Included specialized areas within these disciplines, such as gender theories in sociology, accounting ethics, special education for specified populations, urban violence, etc. 3. Identify the scope in terms of the geezerhood (period of time) that your literature review covers and exclusions. 5. Discuss whether you are limiting your review to U. S. literature, and/or Global literature. For global literature, identify the countries. If seminal books are emphasized, include the titles. Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature expands).Library Research Plan and Strategy Lecture THIS IS THE PLAN, NOT THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The review is presented in the second major section (Review of the Literature) Searching the Literature A goo d review of the literature is dependent upon knowledge of the use of indexes and abstracts, the ability to conduct exhaustive bibliographic searches, and ability to organize the collected entropy meaningfully. study literacy skills assist with information seeking and retrieval methods and scholarly communication. Recognize scholarly and peer reviewed journals (See Week 1 Lecture)The e-Learning tutorials about Lynn Library can assist research students with the development of literature reviews using electronic databases, abstracts, bibliographic software, Internet searching, Library catalogue searching, subject resources, off-campus searching, and research and writing skills. You need to complete the tutorials. Library Research Plan/Strategy In reporting your library plan/strategy, identify concepts, themes (key words) or descriptors and search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Be consistent with the Literature map concepts and themes.Focus your search on primary scholarly works including empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry. Recognize the differences between these types of scholarly inquiry. Review speaking abstracts. Did you do a Lynn Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn)? Did you search selected journals? Did you limit the search to peer-review journals? Did you limit the search to certain years? If you are having difficulty in your library search, you may cook an appointment with the Reference Librarian who may assist in building effective search strategies.When tour the Library, you should come prepared with your search words. Requesting Materials It is suggested that you read the abstracts before requesting the materials from the Librarian, because certain abstracts may provide enough information to help you mold a decision on the materials relevance. Expect that you will pose more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature, that is of value and relevant.While many published review articles may have more than ampere-second cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 relevant, scholarly recognitions in the text of your paper. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Dont use references from jawing firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. Types and Forms of Literature Minimum Requirements i. The preference is that you review a grade of types and forms of literature so that you many learn to ii.Search for and evaluate different types and forms information iii. Integrate a signifier of types information in the text of your paper iv. Recognize classic (seminal) works as well as current literature Give yourself time to read the material do not make a library request for everything at once. Readings Search Strategy worksheet http//library. humboldt. edu/ infoservices/sstrawrksht. htm http//www. noodletools. com/debbie/literacies/information/5locate/adviceengine. html http//www. lynn. du/clientuploads/Library/Graduatestudentsmanual. doc 11 Instructions for Writing the Library Research Plan and Strategy In a Review, a discussion of the plan or strategy you used to develop your literature search is presented. Dont discuss what you will do, but rather what you did. 1. Identify the descriptors (concepts, themes, theories, phrases/key words) used to search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Include themes or groups of words used in the search plan. loan the terms theory or research to your themes when you are searching.You should uses many themes to limit the search. Example of a theme for a library search leadership organizational performance research. Try to include several themes. 2. Report databases used in your library search. 3. call for which of the following types of primary scholarly works were reviewed empiri cal, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry (aim to obtain all of these)? 4. Were secondary citations of references used in your paper? Explain Why? Review APA p. 247 to understand a secondary citation of a source. Remember that these need to be limited.In your dissertation, you need to mostly use primary sources of literature. Remember that if you report literature from secondary sources in your paper use (as cited in __). 5. Explain if you reviewed dissertation abstracts (yes/no). If so, on what topics, which abstracts? You should use these. 6. Explain if you did a Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn or where? ) Yes/ or no 7. Provide the titles of the key journals reviewed. (Put these titles in Italics). 8. Indicated whether or not you limited the search to peer-reviewed journals? . Indicate if you limited the search to certain years? If so, which years? 10. Refer the reader to the example of a library Search Print-out that you will place in Appendix A. 11. Report any problems encountered in your library search and how these problems were managed. Refine this part with each new draft. Interest, significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis Lecture In this live part of the introduction to the literature review, you explain the importance and significance of the Review that will follow.As you read more, you will find more rationale as to why this review is important. Provide a musical passage sentence from this Introduction to the Review of the Literature. Then end with a statement that explains how the Review will conclude in the Discussion section. Example of concluding statement As an emerging method of instructional delivery in higher education, and one that continually evolves with the growth in technology, it is important to understand its impact on learning, retention, instruction, and students.This critical analysis of the literature concludes with a summary and interpretation of theoretical, empirical, and method ological literature, conclusions, and recommendations for future scholarly inquiry into web-based instruction in distance education. 4 Instructions for Writing the Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis 1. Discuss if the topic is of limited interest, regional, national, or perhaps of global interest? Explain why? You can include personal interest based on experience and potential applications. 2.Describe why it is worth studying (or examining)? 3. Indicate that the presentation of the Review of the Literature follows 4. Develop a concluding statement (see example above, in lecture) to the effect that a synopsis and interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are presented at the end of the review in the discussion section. Refine this part with each new draft. Review of the Literature About ___ (add your topic) Lecture This is the second major part of this critical analysis. This has a long lecture. Now is the time to write your in-depth Literature Rev iew.You laid the foundations for this section in the Introduction to the Review, to organize your review according to those themes. represent the theoretical literature (theories, model, constructs, concepts) about those themes, and empirical literature (studies) regarding those themes, in a proper manner. Follow the instructions (see presenting theoretical literature, and presenting empirical literature) in this Review of the Literature section. If you present the literature appropriately in this body of the review, then you will have information to present in the Discussion of the Literature. If you dont, this Review falls apart.Only literature presented in this Review of the Literature can be analyzed in the next section, Discussion of the Literature. You will save a stitch in time, if you follow instructions and learn how to present theories, and how to present studies, including the pens stated limitations and recommendations for future inquiry, in addition to your recapitul ation of those studies. ecumenical comments The theoretical and empirical literature is summarized, analyzed, evaluated, and synthesized in a more in-depth coherent manner within organized headings and sublevel headings. Specifically, information ertaining to theoretical, empirical, methodological, critical review, and case studies about the topic is reported. As reported previously, expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature to present, that is of value and relevant. While many published Review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 relevant, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. This will increase to 50 references in the qualifying paper.It certainly isnt unusual to have over 100 references in a dissertation. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is w hat counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. As you present literature in your word document, it is okay to talk to yourself. Make notes in the document to your self. You can use different font colors or highlights for these messages to yourself. o Perhaps you want to break a message to yourself to review a particular article that you didnt yet have the retrieve to review, or o you want to search some other theme. Or you read an article, but didnt have a chance yet to write about it jot down notes o Use the word file as a tool where you keep all information in one place. You will find this technique very helpful in developing the qualifying paper, and in developing the your dissertation. The instructor does not mind (and in fact encourages you do to this, even in final copies0. Just make the messages neat and not to distracting) Of utmost importance, is that you present your review appropriately. Practice doing it correctly immediately or you will be WASTING time (having to redo it later). Your review must be organized within the headings/sublevel headings. bring in the outline developed in the Introduction to the Review. Make sure that the outline is consistent with the organization of themes, concepts add theories in your literature map. It is ok if you reorganize or rename the themes, but make the changes if the Organization of the R (and literature map, in the prior section). You want the Introduction to the Review, Review of the Literature, and the Discussion section all to be interior(a)ly consistent with one another. Instructions follow on how to present CRITICALLY present, theoretical and empirical literature.FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS. Quotations and Paraphrasing and Critical Analysis This is a literature review, and not your opinion. Almost all of what you say is referenced, except when you are introducing themes and concepts, and critiquing the theoretical or empirical literature (using appropriate criteria which is explained later Reminder Make sure that you stupefy to ethical responsibilities of providing accurate information and communicate effectively. Include repeat marks for information that is word for word from another literature source follow APA for (Author, year, p. x). For information that is paraphrased, reference the source as (Author, year). Whether you are referencing a quote or paraphrased information, NOTE THE LOCATION OF THE PERIOD. IT IS NOT BEFORE THE PARENTHESES BUT AFTER. Do not copy any material that is word for word or paraphrase without citing sources. Limit your quotations. We do not want a summary or copy of the literature. You cannot present a string of quotes. (Quote after quote after quote). substantial If you paraphrase as you write (it must truly be paraphrasing), cite the ( compose(s), year. A good way to make sure that you paraphrase is to Read material Move the material onwar d from your eyesight Write out what you recall. Note Paraphrasing is not changing the order of words. Review the Required Information Literacy Tutorial which discusses piracy. Review the following URLs about Plagiarism, Student Writing, Citing Sources, and Paraphrasing (IMPORTANT to Review) Plagiarism and Student Writing Paraphrasing, citing sources, use of quotations, plagiarism http//www. ipl. org/div/aplus/linkciting. htm http//depts. washington. edu/psywc/handouts/pdf/plag1. pdf http//www. hamilton. du/academics/resource/wc/usingsources. html REFERENCE list and BIBLIOGRAPHY list o Add the complete bibliographic citation of the article you reviewed to your REFERENCE list in appropriate APA format. Dont wait until the end when the report is due. This is often one of the worst problems, trying to find references. o REFERENCE list This contains all literature referenced in your paper. o BIBLIOGRAPHY list This contains all literature reviewed, but NOT referenced in your paper. o If you review literature, but dont reference it immediately in your paper, place it on your BIBLIOGRAPHY.If you eventually reference in your paper, all you need to do is to cut and paste from the BIBLIOGRAPHY list, to the REFERENCE list. o Literature reviewed is placed on either the REFERENCE or the BIBLIOGRAPHY list, NOT BOTH Organization of the Review of the Literature There are no sublevel headings given to you in the template. The concepts and themes in your literature map AND THE OUTLINE serve as the basis to organize this section. BE CONSISTENT. Insert for draft 1. o Use your literature map and evolving outline to organize these sublevel headings (subtitles) of the literature review.Remember that the concepts and themes in your literature map are theoretical in nature. Thus, in developing the Review, present the concepts and themes conceptually first followed by empirical studies that allow or do not support the theoretical formulations. (see guidelines that follow for p resenting theoretical and empirical literature) o Follow the organization that you described. If you alter the organization, concepts and themes in this part of the review, go back to the introduction and make the corresponding changes (in the introduction organization, map, and outline). APA Organize in a logical, meaningful and bully manner. Use frequent APA level subheadings to connect main ideas and topics covered in a logical sequence (see APA publication manual for examples, pp. 111-113). The main ideas are concepts and sub-concepts in your literature map. The template for this paper uses five levels of headings (depicted on APA p. 113). The rationale for five level headings is that you may continue with this Review as your qualifying paper and but more importantly, it may become part of the Second Chapter of a Dissertation (REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE). See p. 13 of APA first of all Idea, stem turn, or Topic (Second direct APA heading, centered italics) First Subconcept or Theme cerebrate to First Idea and Topic (Third Level APA, Left Italics) Related Subconcept or theme (Fourth Level APA, indent ? inch, italics, lower case, end with period). Related Subconcept or theme. Second Subconcept or Theme Related to First Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) Second Idea and Topic First Subconcept or Theme Related to Second Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) Second Subconcept or Theme Related to Second Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) An example follows (next page)Example to organize the review for the topic the influence of organizational leadership on organizational performance (organized with appropriate APA level headings), and which follow the topical outline presented in the organization of the review (see Introduction to the Literature). Note there are 4 major themes (centered, italics) to organize this review. In the presentation of the literature review, the first two themes (Leadership and Organizational Performance) would contain rich theory. Who develo ped the theories, when? how are the concepts in the theories defined?What are the propositions in the theories (statements of relationships), and have propositions in the theories been tested in empirical studies. (See presentation of theoretical literature and internal and external criticism) The second two themes Factors Influencing Organizational Performance and Leadership and Performance of Organizations would primarily focus on empirical studies that test the propositions in theories. (See presentation of empirical literature Leadership Classical, Progressive, Risk Leadership Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders Leadership, Power and Influence Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership PracticeCultural Issues and Leadership Developing Teams Leading Organizational Change Organizational Leadership Development Strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement Organizational Performance Dimensions of Organizational Performance Organizational climate. Individual performance. Team performance. Supplier/vendor perspectives. Customer satisfaction. Financial performance. Effectiveness indicators. Performance Driven Organizations Competency modeling. Managing performance. 360 degree feedback. Collaborative change. Organizational Performance Measurement Output (activities) measures in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations.Output (activities) measures in service and product organizations. Outcome (results) measures in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Outcome (results) measures in service and product organizations. Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational culture, and Organizational effectiveness IMPORTANT Presenting theoretical literature and empirical literature following these guidelines.THIS IS AN ABSOLUTE MU ST to understand and apply general Comments Literature reported in the Introduction of this critical analysis (should be very little), but whatever LITERATURE DISCUSSED IN THE INTRODUCTION must also be discussed here in the Review of the Literature in depth, and linked with the appropriate concept (subtitle). Present clearly to let the reader know if you are presenting a theory about something (theoretical literature) or a study about something (empirical literature, empirical study, research study). When you dont use the term study about, it is generally assumed that you are speaking of souls theory. The critical analysis review distinguishes between an authors theorizing or suggesting (authors interpretations) versus authors research findings (testing theories). Always introduce the type of literature you are reporting such as theoretical literature, empirical literature. For empirical literature, specify the type of study. This information is usually found in the abstract of the article. For empirical literature introduce as i. Empirical Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed ii. Empirical Methodological iii. Empirical experimental, non-experimental case study, historical, etc. v. Empirical Descriptive, exploratory, predictive, explanatory, Reporting Theoretical Literature (IMPORTANT) Kerlinger (1973) presented a helpful definition of a theory that has withstood time. A theory is a set of interconnected constructs (concepts, definitions and propositions) that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among the variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena. Immanuel Kant provided this famous quote Experience without theory is blind but theory without experience is mere intellectual play http//www. oop. uvic. ca/ArwrCoop/stuprepoverheads/1_Orientation/tsld003. htm Criteria that can be used to evaluate theories including theoretical frameworks, conceptual models or conceptual frameworks may be organized into intern al and external criticism. a. national Criticism (of theories) 1. Semantics (Meaning or definition given to the elements such as concepts, constructs, variables) Semantics evaluates Clarity, Consistency, Correspondence between theoretical and operational definitions, and intersubjectivity (which is whether similar meanings are used by other scholars). . Syntax (Logical Structure and Relationships Between the Elements) 1. What are the types of statements (propositions)? laws, postulates, theorems, principles, hypotheses, assumptions, empirical generalizations 2. What are the types of relationships time ordered, probabilities, conditional, causal, or concurrent? 3. What are the signs of the relationships? position inverse (negative) 4. Note It is the propositions that are tested in theories, reformulated as hypotheses. 3.Method of Theory Development (What is the method used in theory building 1. origination (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) tax write-off Synthesis Logical empirical approach) 2. Patterns Is there a schematic model word-painting the relationships between the concepts? If not, can you diagram the pattern of relationships between the key concepts? 3. Level of theory development What kinds of outcomes are produced from the theory (knowledge, principles, solutions, problems)? a.Conceptual framework (definitions only), model (shows relationships between the concepts), and/or a theory (well developed propositions, well linked together, with evidence of empirical support? ) b. Is it Descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, predictive, prescriptive b. External Criticism of a Theory 1. affectionate Significance 1. Value to society theory addresses essential issues in the discipline 2. Lends itself to further research 3. Efficacy of the theory over another in achieving desired outcomes 2. Social Utility 1.Pragmatic Adequacy Is it useful? Does it contribute to pinch? Does it generate new knowledge, p rovide direction to in professional practice, research, education (pertinent to your topic)? 2. Scope Is it narrow or broad? What is the degree of generality or abstractness and how does this affect is usefulness (pertinent to your topic)? 3. Complexity/Parsimony 1. Does it explanation and interrelated many variables? 2. Could a simpler theory achieve the same purpose (parsimonious)? 4. Discrimination 1. Can the theory be applied to more than one discipline, or is it unique to one discipline? . If it is borrowed from another discipline, are saltation lines demarcated? (example a variety of disciplines use systems theory) 5. Empirical Validity 1. Does empirical evidence support the theory? pay heed some studies. (Is there congruence between theoretical claims and empirical evidence? ) 2. Do results depute confirmation, verification, support corroboration, or disconfirmation, failure to support the theory? 6. Social Congruence 1. Does the theory fit with reality? 2. Is it authenti c by society? a.When you are reporting theoretical literature, select criteria from the internal and external critical approaches to adequately address your description. Present theories systematically YOU MUST DO THIS FOR ALL THEORETICAL LITERATURE. 1. First provide a good description of what the author stated about the theory, model, framework, construct or concept. Example 1. Introduce the title of the book(s) or theoretical article(s) in your own words which describes the theory (not studies). Next 2. Begin with the internal critical analysis a.Report the major concepts and constructs and how these are defined by the author (Semantics) b. Present how the author relates the concepts to one another (Syntax). These are propositions. c. Does the author explain how was the theory developed Induction (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) Deduction Synthesis Logical empirical approach) d. Explain how patterns of relationships between the con cepts are explained Is there a schematic/visual model depicting the relationships between the concepts? . Secondly, report what the theorist (or other authors) stated about the External critical review Social Significance (important), Complexity/Parsimony-simple, Discrimination, Empirical Validity (important) and Social Congruence. It is extremely important that you indicate what the author said about empirical validity Do they report empirical studies to support the theoretical explanations? When presenting classic or recent theories pertinent to your topic, you may certainly describe the theory, but also describe the work done to test those theories. 2.Finally, you may provide your critique comments to the above ie what needs to be strengthened in the theory? Determine if you can succinctly identify key strengths and limitations, and perhaps areas that can be improved? Can you see the linkages between the theory, practice, and research? Does this help to understand a somewhat c ommon student question How do we use these models and theories in practice? Provide a equilibrate appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major theories) so that readers have enough information to draw their own conclusions.Reporting Empirical Studies (Critical ) Review the Instructions (you should be familiar with the information based on your critique consult the worksheets for questions) Reporting methodological studies, you may follow the empirical approach. But focus on the method being proposed what method is being targeted? Is it a design? A different sampling approach? Is it a method to measure concepts? Introduce the study title (in your own words), the purpose, and present as above. Reporting Case studies may include use of prior data, or secondary analysis of data for a new study.It may also include a wholeness subject or single organization if a case study. You may follow the above empirical approach is presenting but be quite clear in presenting whether the authors are using someone elses data or their own or a single subject or organizational design. Reporting Review Articles (Critical Analysis of the Literature, or Meta-analysis). First Describe what the author said Introduce the title (in your own words). Describe the purpose of the review and its scope, including the library research plan used to obtain the literature.What sources of information were used (literature, observations)? Present the results, conclusions and future areas of inquiry needed (example future studies) as reported by the author. Secondly, discuss your critique of the article. Note Meta-Analyses conduct statistical analysis of other studies (analysis of analyses) General Pointers Important Note It is so critical for you to get in the habit, very early on in this process, of presenting theoretical and empirical literature appropriately and systematically.If you do, you will find it easy to develop a square-toed state of the art of the literature, formulat e interpretations, identify important gaps, develop conclusions, and generate recommendations for future study (which is presented in the Discussion section of this report). That is your path toward successfully completing this course, moving on toward a successful qualifying paper (whether or not you stay with the topic), and disposition the dissertation. If you dont present the literature systematically and appropriately, the review falls apart and cant be completed. So, plan ahead, follow directions, and you will find your path to success Generally, related articles and research findings should be presented together (under the appropriate sublevel heading). o Report areas of discernment and disagreement. o Only a little space should be used to report minor studies. As possible, group together minor studies that have similar results, methodologies, strengths and/or weaknesses. Major empirical studies or seminal writings (theories). It is appropriate to present major studies or seminal writings individually in more detail. As you write, you will need to integrate and synthesize the results in some logical manner. You dont need to report everything that you read When reading and evaluating the research studies for possible inclusion in your review, determine the relevance, worth and significance of studies to your topic. While you initially identified some topic, theme, or point that you wanted to develop, you may find that a new or different theme is evolving not initially considered. This may be a reformulation of your topic. If you have questions if this arises, contact the instructor. The review should contain fairly recent work (post 1995, and preferably 2000+). While older information can be relevant, the review should aim to provide current knowledge (a state of the art review). Remember you need to have the most recent literature if it is to be state of the art. o You will find that there are classic studies or theoretical papers repetitively cit ed in the literature. These are the classic (or seminal) examples of literature in the field. While you would certainly want to refer to these in your review, it would be redundantand probably irrelevantfor you to review them. It is generally permissible to use secondary sources for some Seminal Literature.Remember that if you do not read the original (primary source) article/theory, but rather you are reporting what someone else says, it is found in a secondary source (use appropriate APA referencing format, as cited in). There should be a limited number of secondary sources in your report. As you write the Review, you will see that you are generating ideas for the Discussion section- next part (Interpretations, Conclusions and Recommendations). You can jump to the Discussion as you have further understanding the literature. Do it concurrently while writing this part. You will see that you are summarizing, analyzing, critiquing and relating each literature sources logically to a concept or theme related to the area of inquiry. You are finding a meaningful way to organize the review. You are organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature and preparing to generate your discussion of conclusions and recommendations A good review of the literature is more than simply a summary of the research. It is both a critical evaluation of the live research and a synthesis of that work. You will need to synthesize the literature in some logical manner. This is a skill that develops with practice.As you write things down, review it to see if you are integrating, evaluating, and synthesizing. Are you identifying opposing views, contradictory findings, and gaps in the literature (what questions are being suggested)? Are you bringing clarity to the issues? These will be clearly presented in the Discussion of the analysis, so lay the foundation in this part of the review. You will see that you are summarizing, but also analyzing, critiquing and relating each litera ture sources logically to a concept or theme related to the area of inquiry. You are finding a meaningful way to organize the review.You are organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature 5 big Instructions on Writing the Review of the Literature About 1. Organization (APA and Level Headings for the Outline) a. Add the topic to the title of this section, Review of the LiteratureAbout b. Organize the Review of the Literature according to your literature map and topical outline. Use APA level headings to organize the review in a logical, meaningful and orderly manner. c. Present related theoretical literature and research findings together. d. Organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature needs to be extremely evident . The first draft (week 3), at the minimum should contain 1a and b above, and some literature presented as possible. Draft 2 should have this part of the paper nearly complete. 1. Content and Quality of Theoretical Literature IMPORTANT Present the the oretical literature systematically and appropriately. Follow these steps responding to a-d a. Introduce the name or title of the theory, model, framework, construct. Do this for each major theory, construct, or concept in your topical outline (sublevel headings). b. Internal critical analysis (what the author(s) say) 1.For each theory, name the major concepts and constructs that organize the theory, and provide the definitions by the author (Semantics) 2. Present how the author relates the concepts to one another (Syntax). These are propositions. 3. Report if the author of the theory provides a schematic/visual model depicting the relationships between the concepts. 4. Optional How does the author explain the way the theory developed Induction (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) Deduction Synthesis Logical empirical approach c.External critical analysis report what the theorist (or other authors) state about theory Review Lecture notes on these items 1. Social Significance (importance) 2. Social Utility 3. Complexity/Parsimony 4. Discrimination 5. Empirical Validity (Do the author(s) report empirical studies to support the theoretical explanations) 6. Social Congruence d. Provide Your critique comments to the above What needs to be strengthened in the theory? Determine if you can succinctly identify key strengths and limitations, and perhaps areas that can be improved?How are linkages between the theory, practice, and research described in the literature? Does this help to understand a fairly common student question How do we use these models and theories in practice? Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major theories) so that readers have enough information to draw their own conclusions about the quality of the theory. INSTRUCTIONS ALSO CONTINUED NEXT PAGE Example unite 2a, b, c and d (presenting theoretical literature)In 1984, Jones introduced his seminal theory of _________ _____ (based on his qualitative, phenomenological studies about___ (as cited in Smith, 2004). This theory identifies 3 major constructs ____________ defined as ___. The major propositions in this theory are ________ (as cited in Smith, 2004). In the last 20 years, the theory has been revised and altered to ___ by ____. Several empirical studies by ___, led to niceness in the theory. Brown (2000) developed a schematic model depicting these direct and indirect relationships among concepts, which continues to be examined today (Smith, 2004).This theory is socially significant addressing essential issues about ___ in the discipline of ___, and is useful in explaining, predicting, and discriminating among those with ___ and those without ___. Thus it is a well-developed guide to ___. The theory has a good balance between easiness and complexity, contributing to its usefulness. Studies by __ verify the propositions of __. The major proposition with meshing results in empirical studies is ___. The theory has been adapted to ___ situations and __ populations. This is the predominant theory used to examine ____ with well-developed propositions and strong empirical support.Competing theories are ___ (cite reference). You would then present these competing theories next.. 3. Content and Quality of Empirical Literature IMPORTANT Presents the empirical literature (including scientific investigations, case studies, methodological studies, secondary analyses, meta-analyses) systematically and appropriately, following these guidelines )) a. Introduce the study title (paraphrased in your own words and the general design (in one sentence) b. Explain the purpose of the study is .And link with paraphrased research questions and hypotheses (these can be abbreviated or paraphrased not word for word be brief) c. Discuss the quality of the literature review presented by the author and the theories and concepts (or propositions) tested (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed and ex perimental, or not experimental design) d. Be explicit in reporting the specific research design for the qualitative, quantitative, or mixed study) and o Non-Experimental descriptive, exploratory (cross-sectional, longitudinal, predictive, etc) o Type of Experimental including type of design. . Describe the sampling method (whether or not it was probability or non-probability sampling), the specific type of sampling, the sample size and characteristics of the sample. f. Present the methods of data collection (how were each of the variables are measured-instrumentation), and provide reports of reliability and validity of quantitative the tools/measures and trustworthiness of qualitative tools. This is very important, as you will begin to see how the concepts of interest, are measured. Be fairly explicit in describing these tools. Include the names of these data collection tools. g.Other procedures (data collection procedures and ethical considerations) h. Present the results study findings (including hypotheses supported/not-supported), research questions answered? Dont restate these word for word present in an abbreviated or paraphrased manner. i. Very important is to present the authors (not your) Discussion. The discussion must include the authors important o Interpretations o Implications (applications for practice) o Conclusions o Limitations o Recommendations (of utmost importance, are the authors recommendations for future areas of inquiry, example future studies).Include this j. Discuss your critique of the article (Introduction, Literature/Theory, Methods, Results, Discussion). Select IMPORTANT POINTS. Based on your summarizing the article, you can now identify strengths and weakness, and areas needing improvement. You can do this as you describe the study or at the end of your description of the study. Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major studies) so that readers have enough information to weigh the results a nd draw their own Remember that the critical analysis of the literature is not a mere summary (descriptive). onclusions. It is interpretative and evaluative of an area of inquiry of scholarly work. INSTRUCTIONS CONTINUED Example follows USE YOUR CRITIQUE WORKSHEETS AS AN AID IN DEVELOPING THE PRESENTATION FOR EACH OF THE STUDIES. Example Presenting Empirical Literature Combining 3a -j above Smith (2004) conducted a study about .. He used a non-experimental, causal comparative, quantitative design, of __ (sample-population). Smiths literature review was thorough, current and ___ in comparing and contrasting theories about ____.Empirical studies of ___ were examined, leading to the major gap and conflict in the literature about_________. This resulted in Smiths study testing the proposition of .. developed in 1998 by Jones (as cited in Smith, 2004). A non-prob